m- 



BRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF 






mm 



JNIVERSAL HISTORY 










LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

%p.lLLl §mm¥ ^^ 



UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE 



OF 



UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



EXTENDING FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES 
TO THE YEAR 1892 



FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS, TEACHERS, AND READERS 



LOUIS HEILPRIN 






^■■- -.^^/ 



/ 

NEW YORK 
D. APPLETON AND COMPANY 

189;> 



CoPTRioHT, 1884, 1892, 
By D. APPLETON AND COMPANY. 



Elkctrotyped and Printed 
AT THE Appleton Press, U. S. a. 



,^\^ 
V 



PREFACE. 



REMARKS CONGERNmO THE PLAN OF TEE WORK. 

It will be seen that the plan adopted in the present work 
has been to deal separately with the events of different countries. 
The events in any one year are not arranged all in chronological 
order, but each state is introduced independently. Several coun- 
tries are, of course, grouped together in one division whenever 
the connection of events demands. In the history of the Middle 
Ages and of modern times down to the American Revolution 
the first place, as a rule, is accorded to the British Isles. France 
follows, and next in order come the countries of central Europe 
and Italy and Spain, after which the remaining states of Europe 
are introduced. The political history of the whole of the Old 
World is given before that of the New. From the time of the 
American Revolution the first place is assigned to the United 
States, the order otherwise remaining in the main as before. It 
has been deemed proper to present the history of Europe in the 
year 1848 in a connected sketch. Events not political are always 
left to the end. The names in the obituary lines are arranged 
in chronological order. 

CHRONOLOGICAL AGGURACT. 

A comparison of the dates in this book with those in any 
ordinary work of reference will reveal a great amount of dis- 
crepancy. It is little understood to what an extent encyclo- 
pedic publications contradict each other in the matter of dates. 
Uniform accuracy is seldom achieved, owing to the amount 
of labor involved and the readiness to accept dates on the 
part of compilers, who are little apt to be on their guard 



iy PREFACE. 

where no special reason for doubt is present. Even able 
and conscientious historians will often slip into chronologi- 
cal errors. It will frequently happen that where the con- 
current statements in several reference-books appear to leave 
no doubt whatever concerning the date of a particular his- 
torical event, a grave error will result from relying on the tes- 
timony. 

An experience of many years in the editorial department of 
the " American Cyclopaedia " charged with the verification of 
historical and biographical dates, has taught the compiler of the 
present work the lesson of mistrust and caution. A few exam- 
ples may serve to give the reader an idea of the singular pitfalls 
which beset the path of the chronologist, and of the confusion 
and contradiction which he constantly encounters. 

The date of the capture of Prague by the forces of France 
and her allies in the War of the Austrian Succession is Nov. 
26, 1741. In the compendious "Encyclopaedia of Chronol- 
ogy " of Woodward and Cates (London, 1872), under Prague, 
we are informed that the event took place Oct. 26, 1742, 
and we meet with the same date in the article on that city 
in the fourth edition of "Pierer's Universal-Lexikon." * In 
this latter work, in the article Osterreiciiischer Erbfolge- 
KEiEG, the event is mentioned in the account of the operations 
of 1741, but we still find Oct. 26 instead of Nov. 26, and, 
to remove all doubt from the mind of the perplexed student, 
there immediately follows the statement that on Oct. 27 the 
elector of Bavaria entered the captured city.f In William 
Coxe's standard "History of the House of Austria" (1807) the 
event is likewise placed a month too early. In " Oesterreich 
unter Maria Theresia," &c. (Berlin 1882-'4), forming part of 
Wilhelm Oncken's great historical collection, " Allgemeine Ge- 
schichte in Einzeldarstellungen," the city is stated to have 
fallen in the night of Dec. 5-6. Oncken's own work in the 
same collection, " Das Zeitalter Friedrich's des Grossen," gives 

* The correct date is given in the sixth edition. 

f The dates do not occur in the corresponding article (greatly condensed) in 
the last edition of the " Universal-Lexikon." 



PREFACE. 



the correct date. Under the head of Belleisle in the " Ency- 
clopsedia of Chronology" both month and year are correctly 

stated. 

In 1800 a conspiracy was formed against the life of Bona- 
parte by Ceracchi, Arena, and others. The First Consul was to 
be assassinated Oct. 10. The plot was betrayed, and on that 
day the conspirators were seized, and they were executed Jan. 
30, 1801. The "Encyclopaedia of Chronology," under the 
head of Ceracchi, gives as the respective dates Oct. 10, 1801, 
and Feb. 10, 1802. In the voluminous " Dictionnaire en- 
cyclopedique de I'histoire de France," edited by Le Bas, the 
article on Arena informs us that he engaged in the plot of 
Oct. 10, 1801, and that he was executed Jan. 30, 1802. Dr. 
Thomas, in his excellent "Dictionary of Biography," both in 
the notice of Ceracchi and in that of Arena, has likewise slipped 
into the error of stating that they met their death in 1802. We 
also find 1802 in the article on Arena in the fourth edition of the 
" Universal-Lexikon." * 

Garibaldi's victory over the Neapolitan forces at Yelletri was 
achieved May 19, 1849. Instead of May 19 we find March 19 
(in each case under the head of Veli^etri) in the " Encyclopae- 
dia of Chronology," in the twelfth edition of " Brockhaus' Con- 
versations-Lexikon" (1879), and in "Beeck's Handlexikon der 
Geschichte und Biographic" (Berlin, 1881), a chronological man- 
ual remarkable for accuracy. This case is a curious instance of 
false concurrent testimony with regard to the date of an event 
near to our own time. 

The capture of Jefferson Davis took place on the morning 
of May 10, 1865. May 11 is the date given in Greeley's 
"American Conflict," in Lossing's "History of the Civil War," 
in " Haydn's Dictionary of Dates " (under the head of United 
States), and in " Unsere Zeit " (a supplement to " Brockhaus' 
Conversations - Lexikon "). In Oscar Jiiger's supplement to 
Schlosser's " Weltgcschichte " we have May 13, and we find the 
same error in the notice of Davis in the thirteenth edition of 
"Brockhaus' Conversations-Lexikon " (1883). 

* The error does not occur in the last edition. 



yi PREFACE. 

The utmost confusion prevails in books respecting dates in 
the seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth, re- 
sulting from the circumstance that the Gregorian calendar was 
adopted at different times by different countries,* It has been 
customary with historians down to our own time to retain the 
Old Style in treating the history of a Protestant country in the 
period before the adoption of the New Style in that country, but 
there is no uniformity in this respect, the New Style being very 
frequently used. The dates of events of an international charac- 
ter (battles, treaties), events belonging at once to the history of 
a Protestant and a Catholic country, are given according to the 
Old Style by one writer and by another according to the New. 
In treating of the wars between the English and the French in 
the seventeenth century and the first half of the eighteenth, the 
French historians will follow the Gregorian calendar, the English 
to a great extent the Julian. The same writer will not unfre- 
quently use the Old Style in one place and the New in another. 
The case grows worse when we come to encyclopedic publica- 
tions, in whose preparation different authorities are consulted at 
every step. The individual statements in any one work will fre- 
quently be found to contradict each other. Let us take some of 
the principal events in the Thirty Years' War, and examine the 

* The reformation of the calendar instituted by Pope Gregory XIII. in 1582 
consists in amending the Julian calendar by reducing the number of leap years in 
400 years from 100 to 97, the centurial years being made ordinary years except 
those whose numbers are divisible by 400 (1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, etc., being 
ordinary years, and 1600, 2000, 2400, etc., leap years). The reckoning, according 
to the Julian calendar, or Old Style, thus drops back 3 days in 400 years behind 
the New Style. Gregory XIII. directed that ten days be dropped out of the year 
1582 (Oct. 5 was made Oct. 15), so as to bring back the vernal equinox to where 
it bad been at the time of the council of Nice (323), it having retrograded to 
March 11. The difference between Old and New Style remained 10 days down to 
1700 (1600 having been retained as a leap year); from 1700 to 1800 it was 11 
days ; since 1800 it has been 12 days ; from 1900 to 2100 it will be 13 days. The 
Gregorian calendar was at once or soon adopted by the Catholic countries, but the 
Protestant states continued long to adhere to the Julian calendar. In the Prot- 
estant states of Germany, in Denmark, and in the greater part of Holland, the 
change from Old to New Style was made in 1700; in Great Britain, in 1752; in 
Sweden, in 1753. Russia has retained the Old Style to the present day. 



PREFACE. Vll 

chronological statements in various works. The date of the 
storming of Magdeburg in the " Encyclopaedia of Chronology " is 
given (under the head of Magdeburg) according to the New- 
Style, May 20, 1631 ; in " Haydn's Dictionary of Dates," ac- 
cording to the Old, May 10. The battle of Leipsic (under the 
head of Leipsic) is given in both according to the Old Style, 
Sept. 7, 1631, and each gives the battle of Liitzen (under the 
head of Lutzen) according to the New, Nov. 16, 1632. In the 
notice of General Pappenheim the " Encyclopaedia of Chronolo- 
gy " gives Nov. 6 as the date of the latter battle. In the " En- 
cyclopaedia of Chronology " the battle of Wittstock is stated to 
have been fought Oct. 4, 1636 (the date according to the New 
Style) under the head of Wittstock, and Sept. 24 under the 
head of Bannier (Baner). The writer of the article Austria 
in the last edition of the " Encyclopedia Britannica " gives the 
capture of Magdeburg and the battles of Liitzen and Wittstock 
according to the New Style, but the battle of Leipsic according 
to the Old. In Weber's universal history we have the Old 
Style for the battles of Leipsic and Liitzen, and the New for the 
battle of Nordlingen (Aug. 27-Sept. 6, 1634) and that of Witt- 
stock. It will occasionally happen that writers who use the New 
Style will fall into the ludicrous error of adding 10 (11) days to 
a date already converted to the New Style. In the article on 
the Thirty Years' War in the very valuable " Encyklopiidie der 
neueren Geschichte" (Gotha, 1880-'84) the writer, who uses the 
New Style, gives March 16, 1629, as the date of publication 
of the Edict of Restitution, which, however, was dated March 
6 according to the Gregorian calendar, and in like manner he 
states that the battle of Wittstock was fought Oct. 14, 1636, 
when in reality the true date is Oct. 4, New Style (Old Style, 
Sept. 24), which date is given in the same work in the article 
Baner. 

Another source of perplexity to the chronologist, more espe- 
cially in dealing with biographical dates, arises from the circum- 
stance that the time of the beginning of the Christian year has 
been variously placed at difiFerent periods and in different coun- 
tries, so that it frequently happens that an event described as 
having taken place in a particular year by a contemporary writer 



Vin PREFACE. 

actually falls in a different year according to modern chrono- 
logical reckoning.* 

Two cases will here be presented in which there is a bewil- 
dering confusion in books due to the cause here indicated. The 
first is the date of the accession of the house of Stuart to the 
throne of Scotland in the person of Robert II., who was pro- 
claimed king Feb. 22, 1371 (according to the old mode of reck- 
oning, 1370), on the death of David Bruce. Let us first open 
the "Encyclopaedia of Chronology." Under the head of Scot- 
land and under Robert II. we find the date correctly stated. 
In the notice of David Bruce, however, that monarch is stated 
to have died Feb. 22, 1370. In Margaret Macarthur's " History 
of Scotland," which forms part of Freeman's " Historical Series," 
we likewise find 1370. The same error appears three times in 
Hermann's "Lexikon der allgemeinen Weltgeschichte " (1882), 
under Bruce, Schottlatstd, and Stuart, and twice in " Brock- 
haus' Conversations-Lexikon " (twelfth edition), in the articles 
ScHOTTLAND and Stuart. "Pierer'sUniversal-Lexikon" (sixth 
edition) gives 1371 in the article Schottland and 1370 under 
Stuart. The second case is the date of the institution of the Or- 
der of the Golden Fleece by Philip the Good, duke of Burgundy, 
on the occasion of his nuptials with Isabella of Portugal. The 
event took place in the town of Bruges Jan. 10, 1430, or, accord- 
ing to the old mode of reckoning, 1429, the year having to run on 
till Easter. We find the wrong year 1429 in Beeck's " Handlexi- 
kon der Geschichte und Biographic," in " Haydn's Dictionary of 
Dates," in Hermann's " Lexikon der allgemeinen Weltgeschichte " 
(in the notice of Philip the Good), and in the sixth edition of 
" Pierer's Universal-Lexikon " (in the article on the Golden 
Fleece and in that on Philip the Good). The " Encyclopaedia of 

* In England the year formerly began with the 25th of March. It was not 
until 1752 that the first of January was made the beginning of the legal year. In 
parts of Italy, likewise, the first day of the year was the 25th of March down to 
the close of the last century, and the Pisan reckoning was a year ahead of the 
Florentine. In the Venetian Republic it was the first day of March. In France 
during the period of the Capetian aud Valois dynasties the year began with 
Easter. The duchy of Burgundy and portions of the Netherlands had the same 
reckoning. 



PREFACE. ix 

Chronology " gives Jan. 10, 1429 (citing an authority) under the 
head of Golden Fleece, and in the notice of Philip his mar- 
riage is stated to have taken place on that day, but under the 
head of Bruges we are correctly informed that the Order of the 
Golden Fleece was instituted in 1430. 

Chronological inaccuracy in books is in no small measure 
merely the evidence of faulty printing. In the present work 
the proof-reading has been so carefully done that the author 
feels assured that this source of error has been completely 
eliminated. 

L. H. 



OHEOE"OLOGICAL TABLE OF 
UjSTIYEESAL HISTOET. 



B.C. 

4400 {about; Brugsch).* Foundation of tlie first dynasty in Egypt. 

3700 {about; Brugsch). Erection of the Great Pyramid of Gizeh. 

2500 {about ; Duncker). Rise of the kingdom of Elam. 

2200-1700 {about; Brugsch). Dominion of the Hyksos in Egypt. 

1700 {1600)-1250 {about). Period of the greatest power and splen- 
dor of the New Empire in Egypt. Aahmes, Thothmes III., 
Rameses II., Eameses III. (Meneptah, about 1320, general- 
ly considered by Egyptologists the Pharaoh of the Exodus.) 

1500 {about; ?). Babylonia is united into a single powerful mon- 
archy. 

1450-1300 {about; DuncJcer). Period of the greatest power of the 
Hittite realm in Syria. 

1300 {about). Reign of Shalmaneser I. in Assyria. 

1250 {about ; Duncker). The Phoenicians enter upon their career as 
a great colonizing people. 

1100 {about). Dorian migration into the Peloponnesus. 

1055 {about, Duncker; about 1095 or lOSO, common chronology). -f 
Establishment of monarchy by the Hebrews ; Saul king. 

1033 {about, Duncker; 1058, Oppert). The Philistines overwhelm 

Saul at Gilboa. David proclaims himself king in Judah. 
993 {about, Duncker; 1017, Oppert). Accession of Solomon. 
953 {about, Duncker; 977, Oppert). Revolt of the Ten Tribes 
under Jeroboam from Rehoboam ; Israel and Judah sepa- 
rate kingdoms. 
949 {about, Duncker; 973, Oppert). Sheshonk (Shishak), king of 

Egypt, takes Jerusalem. 
929 {about, Duncker; 958, Oppert). Accession of Asa in Judah. 
899 {about, Duncker; 931, Oppert). Accession of Omri in Israel. 
873 {about, Duncker; 917, Oppert). Accession of Jehoshaphat in 
Judah. 

* The views of other authorities will be found stated in the Appendix. 
+ See IIebkews in the Appendi.\. 



2 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

853 {about, DuncJcer; 900, Oppert.) Ahab, king of Israel, is de- 
feated and slain by the Syrians at Ramoth-Gilead. 

850 (about). Colonization of Carthage by the Tyrians. 
Legislation of Lycurgus in Sparta. 

843 (about, Duncker ; 887, Oppert). Jehu usurps the throne of 
Israel. 

792 (about, Duncker; 811, Oppert). Accession of Uzziah in Judah. 

790 (about, Duncker; 8S5, Oppert). Accession of Jeroboam II. in 
Israel. 

776. Beginning of the OljTiipiads. 

753 (common chronology). Foundation of Rome. 

750 (about). Foundation of Syracuse by the Corinthians. 

748 (about, Duncker; 772, Oppert). End of the dynasty of Jehu in 
Israel. 

743-724 (730-710). First great war of Sparta against Messenia, 
which is reduced to subjection. 

734-732 (about). Tiglath-pileser II. of Assyria subjects Syria. 

728 (727). Accession of Hezekiah in Judah. 

731 (about). Chalda^a becomes subject to Tiglath-pileser II. 

722 (721). The Assyrian king Sargon takes Samaria, and puts an 
end to the kingdom of Israel. 

701 (700). Expedition of Sennacherib into Syria. Siege of Jeru- 
salem. Sennacherib encounters the forces of Egypt and 
Ethiopia. His expedition fails. 

697 (698). Accession of Manasseh in Judah. 

650 (about). All Egypt united under Psammetichus. 

645-628 (685-668).* Unsuccessful attempt of the Messenians to free 
themselves from the Spartan yoke. 

640 (about). Media shakes off her dependence on Assyria, and ap- 
pears as a single united kingdom. 

625 (about). Great irruption of the Scythians into Media, Assyria, 
and Syria. 

622 (about). Reformation of Josiah in Judah, 

609 (about). Necho, king of Egypt, crushes the power of Judah 
at Megiddo ; Josiah is slain. 

607 (606). \ The Medes and Babylonians take Nineveh, and over- 
w^helm the Assyrian monarchy. 

605. Victory of Nebuchadnezzar over Necho at Carchemish, 

597 (598). Nebuchadnezzar takes Jerusalem and carries away the 
principal inhabitants. (See 586.) 

* The earlier dates, 685-6G8, are according to the common chronology. Recent 
authorities place the war 40 years later. 

t Some authorities place the full of Nineveh in 625. 



CHKONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL DISTORT. 3 

594. Legislation of Solon in Athens. 

586 {587). Nebuchadnezzar takes and destroys Jerusalem, and 
puts an end to the kingdom of Judah. Babylonish cap- 
tivity. 

570 (about). Nebuchadnezzar attacks Egypt, dethrones Hophra 
(Apries), and places Amasis on the throne. 

560. Pisistratus usurps the government of Athens. 

550 (about).* The Persians, under the lead of Cyrus, destroy the 
Median monarchy. 

546 (about). Cyi'us overthrows Croesus, king of Lydia. 

538. Cyrus conquers Babjdon. 

529. Cambyses succeeds Cyrus as king of Persia. 
• 527. Hippias and Hipparchus succeed their father, Pisistratus, in 
the government of Athens. 

527 (5S3). Conquest of Egypt by Cambyses. 

522. Usurpation of Pseudo-Smerdis in Persia. Death of Cam- 
byses. 

521. Darius Hystaspis ascends the throne of Persia. 

521-516 (about). Eebuilding of the Temple of Jerusalem. 

514. Miu'der of Hipparchus by Harmodius and Aristogiton. 

510. Expulsion of Hippias from Athens. Clisthenes heads the 
democratic party. 
Destruction of Sybaris by the Crotonians. 

510 (about). The Romans abolish royalty and establish a republic. 
Institution of the Consulship. 

508-506 (about). Darius engages in a disastrous expedition against 
the Scythians. The Persians extend their dominion over 
Thrace, and receive the submission of Macedonia. 

501 (Rawlinson, Clinton; 502, Grote; 500, Hertzberg). Aristagoras 
excites a revolt of the Ionian cities from Pei'sia. 

500 (Rawl. ; 499, Clinton, Hertzberg). Expedition of the lonians 
against Sardis. They enter the city, and tlien retreat. 

497 (about). The Romans defeat the Latins at Lake Eegillus. 

494. Defeat of the Asiatic Greeks by the Pereians m the naval 
battle of Lade. Fall of Miletus. 

494 (Smith's Dictionary, Hertzberg; Jf.92, Rawl.). First secession 
of the Plebeians from Rome. Institution of the office of 
Tribunes of the People. 

493 (Smith's Diet., Hertzberg ; JfOl, Rawl.). The Latins are com- 

* According to the common chronology 558. An inscription has recently been 
discovered of the Babylonian king Nabonidus, according to which, if the decipher- 
ment be correct, the overthrow of the Median king Astyages occurred in 550. 
2 



4 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNLV^ERSAL HISTORY. 

pelled to enter into a league with Rome, which is threatened 

by the power of the ^qiii and Volsci. 
492. First Persian expedition against Greece under Mardonius. 
490. Invasion of Greece by the ai'my of Darius. It is vanquished 

by the Athenians, under Miltiades, at Marathon. 
489 (Smith'' s Diet., Hertzberg). Miltiades unsuccessfully attacks 

Paros. He is thrown into prison by the Athenians. 
486 (Justi).* Xerxes succeecls his father, Darius Hystaspis. 
486 (about). League of the Hernici with Rome. 
483 (Clinton, Hertzberg). Ostracism of Aristides. 
480. Invasion of Greece by Xerxes. Defense of Thermopylae by 

Leonidas. Naval battle of Artemisium. Burning of Athens. 

The Greeks, led by Themistocles and Eurybiades, vanquish 

the Persian fleet at Salamis. Flight of Xerxes. 
The Carthaginians attempt to conquer the Greek cities of 

Sicily. Their army is overwhelmed by Gelon, tyrant of 

Syracuse, at Himera. 
479. The Persian army under Mardonius is crushed by the Greeks, 

under the command of Pausanias, in the battle of Plataea. 

Simultaneous victory of the Greeks, under Leotychides and 

Xanthippus, over the Persian naval forces at Mycale. 
477. The hegemony ua Greece passes from Sparta to Athens. 
471 (probably). Fall of Themistocles. 
471 (SmitJi's Diet., Hertzberg ; JflO, Rawl.). Passage of the Publi- 

lian Law in Rome ; the right is accorded to the Plebeians 

of initiating legislation in their assemblies. 
468 (about). Triumph of democracy in the cities of Sicily. 
466. Victories of Cimon over the Persians at the Eurymedon. 
465. Murder of Xerxes by Artabanus. Accession of Artaxerxes 

Longimanus, his son. 
464. Destruction of Sparta by an earthquake. 
464-455. Rising of the Messenian helots against the Spartans. 
463 (about). i The Argives reduce Mycenae, and enslave or drive 

away its inhabitants. 
458 (about). Return of Jews from Babylonia to Jerusalem under Ezra. 
457. Battle of Tanagra between the Spartans and Athenians. 
456. The Athenians vanquish the Boeotians at CEnophyta, and ob- 
tain their submission, with that of Phocis and Locris. 
456 (about). Completion of the Long Walls connecting Athens 

with the Piraeus. Athens subdues ^gina. 

* Some authorities place the death of Darius in 485. 

t See note in Grote's "History of Greece," vol. v., p. 820 (Amer. edition). 



CHROXOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 5 

450 (about). Institution of tlie Decemvirate in Rome. Publication 
of the Laws of the Twelve Tables. 

448. Sacred War between the Phocians and Delphians. 

448 {about). Abolition of the Decemvirate. 

447. Defeat of the Athenians at Coronea, by which they lose their 
hold on Boeotia, Phocis, and Locris. 

445 {about). Nehemiah undertakes the rebuilding of the walls of 
Jerusalem. 

444. Pericles assumes the sole direction of affairs in Athens. 

442 {about). Institution of the military tribunes and censors in 
Rome to supersede the consuls.* 

436. Beginning of the dispute between Corinth and Corcyra regard- 
ing Epidamnus. 

435. Naval victory of the Corcyraeans over the Corinthians near 
Actium. 

432. Athens joins Corcyra against Corinth. Corinth incites Poti- 
da^a to revolt from Athens. 

431. Sparta espouses the cause of Corinth, and makes war on Athens. 
Beginning of the Peloponnesian War*. 

431-425. The Spartans invade Attica five times : 431, 430, 428, 427, 
425. 

429. The Athenians reduce Potidsea. Pericles dies of the plague. 

428. Revolt of Lesbos fi'om the Athenian confederacy. 

427. The Athenians reduce Mytilene, and become masters of Les- 
bos. Platffia, the ally of Athens, surrenders to the Pelopon- 
nesians. 

425. The Athenian commander Cleon takes Sphacteria. 

Death of Artaxerxes I. Reigns of Xerxes II. and Sogdianus. 

424. The Spartan general Brasidas takes Amphipolis. Victoiy of 
the Bceotians over the Athenians at Delium. 
Accession of Darius II., Nothus, in Persia, t 

423. Banishment of Thucydides from Athens, 

422. Cleon, sent by the Athenians to recover Amphipolis, is de- 
feated and slain by the army of Brasidas, who also falls in 
the battle. 

421. Peace of Nicias between Athens and Sparta. 

419. Alcibiades leads an Athenian expedition into the Peloponnesus. 

415. The Athenians undertake an expedition against Syracuse. 

* The Consulship, however, was not done away with ; it alternated irregularly 
with the office of the military tribunes till the passage of the Licinian Rogations, 
when it was restored as a permanent annual magistracy. See 364. 

t Some authorities place this event in 425. 



6 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

414. The Athenians, under Nicias, invest Syracuse. Tlie Spartan 
commander Gylippus, with a fleet of Corinthian ships, comes 
to the aid of the city. 

413. The Spartans, at the instance of Alcibiades, take up a fortified 
position at Decelea, in Attica. The Athenian commander 
Demosthenes is sent to the assistance of Nicias. Comj)lete 
ruin of the expedition against Syracuse. 

412. Alcibiades undertakes a mission to the Persian satrap Tissa- 
phernes, and induces him to enter into treaties with Sparta, 

411. Reign of the Four Hundred in Athens (4 months). Alcibiades 
is reinstated in the Athenian service. 

410. Naval victory of Alcibiades over the Spartans at Cyzicus. 

407. The Spartan admiral Lysander defeats the Athenian fleet at 
Notium. 

406. The Spartan fleet, under Callicratidas, is vanquished by the 
Athenians off the Ai'ginusae. 
Dionysius the Elder establishes his power in Syracuse. 

405. The Spartans, under Lysander, annihilate the naval power 
of Athens at ^gospotami. 
Artaxerxes II. succeeds Darius 11. in Persia.* 

405 (JiOJi,?). Persia loses her dominion over Egypt. (Tlie country 
resubjected about 340.) 

404. Surrender of Athens to Lysander. End of the Peloponnesian 
War ; Sparta all-powerful in Greece. Establishment of the 
Thirty Tyrants in Athens. About the close of the year f 
they are overthrown by Thrasybulus. 

403. Thrasybulus restores democracy in Athens. 

401. Expedition of the younger Cyi'us against his brother, Arta- 
xerxes II. He is slain m the battle of Cunaxa. 

401-400. The Greek auxiliaries of Cyrus, the Ten Thousand, effect 
their retreat to the sea under the lead of Xenophon. 

399. Sparta engages in a war with Persia. 
Condemnation and death of Socrates. 

396. The Spartan general Agesilaus enters upon his victorious cam- 
paigns against the Persians. 

396 {Smithes Diet., Hertzherg ; 392, Rawl.). The Romans, under 
Camillus, take Veil. 

395. Thebes, Corinth, Argos, and Athens enter into a league against 
Sparta. The Thebans defeat the Spartans at Haliartus ; 
death of Lysander. 

* This event is placed by Justi in 404. 

+ According to German authorities at the beginning of 403. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 7 

394. The Persian fleet, under the Athenian admiral Conon, over- 
whehns that of the Spartans, under Pisander, off Cnidus. 
Victory of the Spartans, under Agesilaus, over the forces of 
the confederate Greeks at Coronea. 

393. The Athenians, under the guidance of Conon, undertake the 
restoration of their fortifications. 

388 (Hertzberg ; 387, Bawl.).* The Gauls, under Brennus, vanquish 
the Romans on the Allia, and burn Rome. 

387. Sparta, through the mediation of Persia, forces the Greek 
states to accept the Peace of Antalcidas. 

382. Sparta engages in a war against Olynthus. The Spartans seize 
the citadel of Thebes. 

379. The Spartans force the Olynthians into submission. Pelopi- 
das and his associates deliver Thebes from the Spartans. 

378. Athens joins Thebes against Sparta. 

376. Naval victory of the Athenians, tinder Chabrias, over the 
Spartans off Naxos. 

371. The Thebans, under Epaminondas, vanquish the Spartans, 
under Cleombrotus, at Leuctra. Thebes becomes the domi- 
nant power in Greece. 

370. Foundation of the Arcadian confederacy. 

370-369. EiDaminondas undertakes his first expedition into the 
Peloponnesus. He threatens Sparta, which is preserved 
by Agesilaus. 

369. Foundation of Megalopolis as the centre of the Arcadian con- 
federacy. Rise of a new Messenian state under the auspices 
of Epaminondas. Foundation of the city of Messene. 

369 or 368. Pelopidas is sent by the Thebans on his first expedition 
against Alexander of Pherae. 

367 (Smith's Diet. , Hertzberg; 364, Rawl. ) . Adoption of the Licinian 
Rogations in Rome ; acts for the relief of Plebeian debtoi-s 
and the limitation of the rights of the Patricians to the pub- 
lic domain ; restoration of the Consulship as a permanent 
annual magistracy, the office of military tribimes with con- 
sular power being abolished ; one of the two consuls to be 
henceforth a Plebeian ; institution of the Praetorship. 

364 or 363. Death of Pelopidas in a battle with Alexander of Pherae. 

362. Victory of Epaminondas over the Spartans and their allies at 
Mantinea ; he falls in the battle. 

361 or 359. Artaxerxes III. (Ochus) succeeds Artaxerxes 11. in Persia. 

* According to the chronological reckoning formerly followed, the burning of 
Rome occurred in 390. 



8 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

358.* Athens becomes involved in the Social War with Cos, Chios, 
Rhodes, and Byzantium. 
Philip of Macedon takes Amphipolis. 

357. Outbreak of the Sacred War excited by Thebes against Phocis. 

356. Dion liberates Syracuse from Dionysius the Younger. (See 346.) 
Burnmg of the temple of Diana at Ephesus. 

355. End of the Social War. 

352 or 351. The j)rogress of Philip of Macedon evokes the fii'st 
Philipinc of Demosthenes. 

347. Philip of Macedon takes and destroys Olynthus. 

346. The Sacred War is brought to a close by the occupation of 
Phocis by Philip of Macedon. 
Dionysius the Younger recovers his power in Syracuse. 

343. Timoleon delivers Syracuse from Dionysius the Younger. 

343 {Smith's Diet. ; 340, Raid.). Rome engages in the first Sam- 
nite War. 

341 {S7nith''s Diet. ; 338, Raid.). Close of the first Samnite War. 

340-338 (Smith's Diet. ; 337-335, Raid.). War of the Romans 
against the Latins, ending in the subjugation of the latter. 

338. Philip of Macedon passes Thermopylae, and seizes Elatea. 
Athens and Thebes form a league to resist him. Philip 
overwhelms their forces at Chserouea, and establishes the 
dominion of Macedon over Greece. 
Arses succeeds Artaxerxes III. in Persia. 

336. Philip of Macedon is murdered while preparing to invade 
Persia. He is succeeded by his son, Alexander the Great. 
Darius III., Codomannus, succeeds Arses in Persia. 

335. Thebes rebels agaiast the authority of Macedon, and is de- 
stroyed by Alexander. 

334. Alexander the Great enters upon the conquest of Persia. He 
is victorious at the Granicus. 

333. Victory of Alexander over Darius at Issus. 

332. Alexander reduces Tyre, takes Gaza, and occupies Egypt, 
and (about the close of the year) lays out the city of Alex- 
andria. 

331. Alexander conquei'S Darius in the battle of Ai'bela (or of 
Gaugamela), and overthrows the Pei^ian em^Dire. 

330.t The Spartans, under Agis III., take up arms against Macedon. 

* The years 858-355 for the Social War are those given by Grote and Eawlinson. 
The chronology of this period is not perfectly settled. 

t The year 330 for the revolt of Sparta is the date given by Grote ; according 
to Clinton the event occurred in the preceding year. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 9 

They and their allies are defeated by the regent Antipater 
at Megalopolis. Agis is slain. 
Murder of Darius Codomannus by Bessus. 

330-327. Conquest of the eastern provinces of the Persian empire 
by Alexander. 

326. Alexander marches into India, and defeats Porus. 

326 {Smithes Diet. ; 323^ Raid.). Eome enters upon the second 
Samnite War. 

325-324. Alexander effects his return march from the Indus to 
Persepolis, while his fleet is conducted to the Euphrates by 
Nearchus. 

323. Death of Alexander at Babylon. Partition of power among 
his generals Perdiccas, Antipater, Craterus, Antigonus, Eu- 
menes, Ptolemy Lagi, Lysimachus, and others. The Greeks 
attempt to throw off the yoke of Macedon. Their army 
besieges Antipater in Lamia. 

322. Victory of Antipater over the confederate Greeks at Crannon. 
End of the Lamian War. Demosthenes, pursued by the 
vengeance of the Macedonians, puts an end to his life. 

321. Beginning of the wars between the successors of Alexander ; 
Perdiccas and Eumenes opposed to Antipater, Craterus, 
Antigonus, and Ptolemy. Perdiccas marches into Egypt 
against Ptolemy. Eumenes, in Asia Minoi-, triumphs over 
Craterus, who is slain. Death of Perdiccas in a mutiny. 

321 (Smith's Diet. ; 319, Rawl). Victory of the Samnites over the 
Romans at the Caudine Forks. 

320-319. Antigonus blockades Eumenes in Nora. 

319. Aoitipater dies after appointing Polysperchon to succeed him 
as regent for Philip Arrhid^eus and Alexander iEgus, the 
half-brother and the son of Alexander the Great. Poly- 
sperchon succeeds to Antipater's power in Macedonia and 
Greece. His elevation is followed by a league against him 
between Antipater's son Cassander, Antigonus, and Ptolemy. 
Polysperchon is supported by Eumenes. 

318-317. Cassander prevails over Polysperchon in the contest for 
the possession of power in Greece and Macedonia. He places 
Athens under the rule of Demetrius Phalereus. About the 
close of 317 Olympias, mother of Alexander the Great, sup- 
ported by Polysperchon and the Epirotes, seizes Macedonia. 

316. Olympias falls into the power of Cassander, who puts her to 
death. Eumenes is betrayed to Antigonus, and is put to 
death; the power of Antigonus supreme in Asia. 



10 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

315. Cassander undertakes the rebuilding of Thebes. 

314 (Rawl.). Beginning of the great struggle waged against Anti- 
gonus by Cassander, Ptolemy, Seleucus, and Lysimachus. 

312. Establishment of the realm of the Seleucidae by Seleucus Nica- 
tor ; its seat in the beginning at Babylon. 

310. The Syracusan ruler Agathocles enters upon a brilliant career 
against Carthage on her African territory. 

307. Successful expedition of Demetrius Poliorcetes, son of Anti- 
gonus, against Athens. End of the rule of Demetrius 
Phalereus. 

306. Demetrius Poliorcetes annihilates the fleet of Ptolemy at Sa- 
lamis (Cyprus). Antigonus assumes the title of king of 
Asia. His example is followed by Ptolemy Lagi, Lysima- 
chus, and Seleucus, rulers, respectively, of Egypt, of Thrace, 
and of the portion of Alexander's empire lying east of the 
Euphrates. Cassander of Macedon is saluted with the royal 
title by his subjects. 

305-304. Siege of Ehodes by Demetrius Poliorcetes. 

304 {Smith's Diet. ; 303, Rawl.). The Romans bring the second 
Samnite War to a triumphant close. 

300 (301?).* Battle of Ipsus ; the army of Antigonus and his son, 
Demetrius Poliorcetes, is overwhelmed by Seleucvis and Ly- 
simachus ; Antigonus is slain. The conquerors divide the 
dominions of Antigonus. Lysimachus appropriates a great 
part of Asia Minor ; Seleucus, Upper Syria, Cappadocia, and 
other territories. 

300 {about). Seleucus Nicator founds Antioch as the seat of govern- 
ment of his kingdom. 

298. Rome becomes engaged in the third Samnite War. 

295. The Samnites, Etruscans, Gauls, and Umbrians united in a 
common efPoi^t against Rome. The forces of Q. Fabius Rul- 
lianus and P. Decius Mus vanquish the Samnites and Gauls 
at Sentinum. 

294. Demetrius Poliorcetes (after restoring his fortunes in Greece) 
seizes the Macedonian throne. 

290. End of the third Samnite War ; submission of the Samnites. 

287. Pyi-rhus, king of Epirus, and Lysimachus wrest Macedonia 
from Demetrius Poliorcetes. f 

285 {about). Completion of the Septuagint. 

* The date usually given for the battle of Ipsus is 301. Clinton places it in that 
year, but Grote asserts that in all probability the event occurred in the year 300. 
t Pyrrhus was immediately after expelled from Macedonia by Lysimachus. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. H 

283. Death of Ptolemy Lagi (Ptolemy Soter). He is succeeded by 

his son, Ptolemy Philadelphus (associated with his father La 

the governmeut since 285). 
280. Pyrrhus espouses the cause of Tarentum agamst Rome, and 

makes war on the republic. He defeats Laevinus. 
280 {about). Rise of the Achaan League. 
279. Victory of Pyrrhus over the Romans at Asculum. 

The Gauls overwhelm Ptolemy Ceraunus, king of Macedonia.* 
278 {Rawl., Hertzberg). Invasion of Greece by the Gauls under 

Brennus. Their army meets with disaster at Delphi. 
277 (about). A body of Gauls take i^ossessiou of northern Phiygia. 
275. Total defeat of Pyrrhus by M. Curius Dentatus at Beneven- 

tum. 
272. Death of Pyrrhus in an attack upon Argos. 

Surrender of Tarentum to the Romans. Lucania and Bruttium 

submit to them. 
265. The Romans take and destroy Yolsinii ; Rome mistress of 

all Italy. 
264. Outbreak of the first war between Rome and Carthage (first 

Punic War). The Romans enter upon a successful career 

in Sicily. 
263. The Romans force Hiero, king of Syracuse, to abandon the 

cause of Carthage. 
260. Naval victory of Duilius over the Carthaginians at Mylae ; 

first appearance of Rome as a naval power. 
259. The Romans begin the conquest of Corsica. 
256-255. The Romans, under Regulus, fight Carthage on her Afri- 
can territory, where they are finally vanquished. 
251. Sicyon, restored to freedom by Aratus, joins the Achaean 

League, which becomes a powerful body. 
250. The Romans begin the siege of LilybEeum.f 
249. Naval victory of the Carthaginians at Drepanum. 
248 (about). Parthia becomes an independent kingdom under 

Ai'saces. 
247. Ptolemy Philadelphus is succeeded by Ptolemy Euergetes. 
243. Corinth is delivered from the sway of Macedon by Aratus, 

and joins the Achasan League. 

* The year 279 for the invasion of Macedonia is the date adopted by Eawlinson 
and Hertzberg. According to Clinton and Am6dee Thierry the event occurred in 
280. 

+ The town was successfully defended by the Carthaginians till the close of the 
war. 



12 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

243-241 (Hertzberg). Attempt of Agis IV. to reform the Spartan 

state. 
241. The Romans, under Lutatius Catulus, vanquish the Cartha- 
ginians in a great naval battle off the Agates. Close of the 

first Punic "War. Carthage relinquishes Sicily to Rome. 
240-237 (about). Revolt of the Carthaginian mercenaries in Africa; 

supijressed by Hamilcar Barca. 
237. Carthage is forced to relinquish Sardinia to Rome. 
236 (or 235)-221. Reign of Cleomenes III. of Sparta, distinguished 

by his great political reforms, and by his struggle with the 

Achaean League. 
236-220 (about). The Carthaginians, under Hamilcar Barca and 

his son-in-law, Hasdrubal, conquer a large portion of Spain. 
229. The Romans wage a successful war against the Greek king- 
dom of Illyria, extending their power across the Adriatic. 
225-222. Conquest of Cisalpine Gaul by the Romans. 
221. Antigonus Doson, ruler of Macedon, crushes Cleomenes III. at 

Sellasia ; the power of Sparta completely broken. 
220. The ^tolian League makes war on the Achasan League 

(Social War). 
219. Hannibal begins the second Punic War by laying siege to 

Saguntum ; fall of the city.* 
219-217. Victorious campaigns of PhiliiJ V. of Macedon against the 

^tolian League. 
218. March of Hannibal into Italy. He defeats the Romans on the 

Ticinus and Trebia. 
217. Hannibal destroys the army of Flaminius at Lake Thrasy- 

menus. The Romans appoint Fabius Maxiraus dictator to 

oppose the Carthaginians. 
216. Hannibal annihilates the Roman army, under Varro and L. 

-^milius Paulus, in the battle of Cannae. Capua joins the 

cause of Hannibal, who makes the city his headquarters. 
214. Rome becomes involved in her first conflict with Macedon. 

Philip V. , having allied himself with Hannibal, begins the 

war. 
213. Aratus is poisoned by Philip V. of Macedon. 
212. The Romans, under Marcellus, take Syracuse after a siege of 

two years. 
211. Hannibal threatens Rome. He loses Capua. The ^Etolian 

League and its allies join Rome against Macedon. 

* The beginning of the second Pimic War is often, reckoned from 218, the year of 
Hannibal's invasion of Italy. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 13 

208. Hasdriibal, sou of Hamilcar, suspendmg his operations against 

Scipio,* in Spain, sets out for Italy to relieve his brother 

Hauuibal. 
207. Hasdrubal is overwhelmed and slain on the Metaurus. 

Philopcemen, the general of the Achaean League (in alliance 

with Macedon), achieves a signal victory over the Spartans 

at Mantinea. 
206. Scipio completes the desti'uction of the Carthaginian power in 

Spain. 
205. Peace between Rome and Macedon. 
204. Scipio carries the war against Carthage into Africa. 
202. Scipio Africanus conquers Hannibal at Zama, and completely 

breaks the Carthaginian power. 
201. End of the second Punic War. Pome enters upon a war for 

the resubjugation of the Boii and Insubres of Cisalpine Gaul, 

set free by the Carthaginian invasion. 
200. Outbreak of the second war between Rome and Macedon, 
198. Antiochus the Great, king of Syria, conquers Coele-Syria and 

Palestine fi'om Egypt. 
197. The Romans, vmder Flamininus, overwhelm Philip V. of Mace- 
don at Cynoscephalai, and force him to a humiliating peace. 
196. Flamininus proclaims the freedom of Greece. 
192. Antiochus the Great, in alliance with the ^tolians, takes up 

arms against Rome. 
191. Defeat of Antiochus by the Romans, under Acilius Glabrio, 

at ThermopylEe. Rome completes the resubjugation of Cis- 

alj)ine Gaul. 
The Achaean League attains its gx-eatest extension, embracing 

the whole of the Peloponnesus. 
190. The Romans, imder Scipio, t vanquish Antiochus the Great at 

Magnesia (at the foot of Mt. Sipylus), and force him to 

relinquish the greater j)art of Asia Minor. (Nearly all of 

the conquered territory is annexed to the kingdom of Per- 

gamus.) 
183. Philopcemen, having marched against the Messenians, falls 

into their hands, and Is forced to put an end to his life. 
171. Perseus, king of Macedon, begins his straggle with Rome. 
168. Complete defeat of Perseus by the Romans, under L. ^milius 

Paulus, at Pydna. End of the Macedonian kingdom. 
167. Deportation of a thousand of the j)rincij)al Achceans by the 

Romans. 

* The future Scipio Africanus. t Scipio Asiaticus. 



14 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

167, The Asmoneans take up arms against Antiochus Epiphanes, 
king of Syria. 

165 (Hitzig, ScJmrer, Wellhausen). Judas Maccabseus enters Jeru- 
salem, and purifies the Temj)le. 

160. Judas Maccabseus falls in battle. 

149. Beginning of the third Punic War. 

147 (about). The Lusitanian leader Viriathus achieves his first great 
victory over the Romans. 

146. Destruction of Carthage by the younger Scipio Af ricanus. 

The Achaean League succumbs to the Roman arms. Destruc- 
tion of Corinth by the consul Mummius. End of Greek 
independence. 

141 {Schilrer). Simon Maccabaeus conquers the citadel of Jerusa- 
lem. 

140. Simon Maccabseus is proclaimed hereditary prince of the Jews ; 
the office of high priest to be permanently united with the 
princely dignity. 

140 or 139. The war of Rome against Yiriathus is ended by the 
assassination of the Lusitanian leader. 

135. Assassination of Simon Maccabseus. He is succeeded by his 
son, John Hyrcanus. 

134-133. Siege of Jerusalem by Antiochus Sidetes, king of Syria, 

134-132. Servile War in Sicily. 

133. Numantia succumbs to the younger Scipio Africanus. 

Attalus III. of Pergamus bequeaths his kingdom, embracing a 

great part of Asia Minor, to the Romans. 
Tiberius Gracchus attempts his agrarian reforms in Rome. 

125-121. The Romans conquer the S. E. portion of Transalpine 
Gaul. 

123-121. Political and agrarian agitations of Caius Gracchus. 

113, The advancing hordes of the Cimbri and Teutones begin to 
menace the Roman dominions. 

111. Beginning of the war of Rome against Jugurtha, king of 
Numidia. 

109. Metellus takes command of the Roman forces against Jugurtha. 

109 (about). John Hyrcanus takes and destroys the city of Samaria. 

109-105. The Cimbri and their allies completely overthrow the Ro- 
man arms in Gaul. 

106. Marius successfully terminates the Jugurthine War. 

105 (MunJc, Schilrer, Wellhausen). John Hyrcanus is succeeded by 
his son, Aristobulus, who assumes the title of king of Judea, 

104. Aristobulus is succeeded by his brother, Alexander Jannaeus. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 15 

102. Marius overwhelms the Teutones and Ambrones at Aquas 

Sextise. 
102-99. Second Servile War m Sicily. 
101. Marius annihilates the Cinibri on the Raudian Fields. 

90-88. Marsic or Social War, a struggle of the Italian peoples 
against Rome. 

88. Mithridates, king of Pontus, takes up arms against Rome, and 
overruns Asia Minor. 
Beginnmg of the war between Sulla and Marius. 

87. Sulla passes over into G-reece to conduct the war against Mi- 
thridates. Bloody iDroscriptions by Marius and Cinna. 

86. Death of Marius. Sulla takes the revolted city of Athens, and 
defeats the forces of Mithridates at Cheeronea. 

85. Successes of the Romans against Mithridates in Asia. 

84. Close of the first Mithridatic War. 

83. Sulla engages in a war with the Marian party in Italy. Be- 
ginning of the second Mithridatic War. 

82. Sulla crushes the Marian party, and becomes dictator. Close 
of the second Mithridatic War. 

80 (close of 81 ?). The Marian leader Sertorius sets up an inde- 
pendent state in Spain. 

79. Sulla lays down his dictatoi'ship. 

74. Beginning of the third Mithridatic War ; the Romans give 
the command of their forces to LucuUus. 

73. Rising of the gladiators under Spartacus (third Servile War). 

72. Murder of Sertorius. Pompey restores order in Spain. 

Lucullus drives Mithridates from his dominions. The king 
takes refuge with Tigranes, king of Armenia. 

71. Spartacus is defeated and slain by the forces of Crassus. 

69. Victory of Lucullus over Tigranes at Tigranocerta ; fall of 
that city. 

67. Victorious advance of Mithridates. 
Pompey subdues the pirates of Cilicia. 

66. Pompey completely vanquishes Mithridates. 

65. Close of the third Mithridatic War. 

Pompey deposes Antiochus XIII., putting an end to the king- 
dom of the Seleucidae (kingdom of Syria). 

64. Pompey takes possession of Syi'ia. 

63. Pompey, having intei-vened m the contest between the brothers 
John Hyrcanus II. and Aristobulus II., and decided in favor 
of Hyi'canus, besieges Aristobulus in Jerusalem, takes the 
city, and makes Judea tributary to Rome. 



16 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

63. Mithridates puts an end to his life. 

Conspiracy of Catiline ; frustrated by Cicero. 
62. Defeat and death of Catiline. 
60. Formation of the first Triumvirate by Pompey, Caesar, and 

Crassus. 
58. Cassar enters upon his Gallic wars. The Helvetii, having 

migrated into Gaul, ai'e defeated by him. He defeats the 

German chief Ariovistus. 
57. Caesar conquers the Belgi. 
55. Caesar invades Britain. 
54. Second expedition of Ccesar into Britain. 
53. Defeat and death of Crassus in the war against the Parthians. 
52. Rising of the Gauls under Vercingetorix. He is besieged by 

Csesar in his stronghold Alesia, which is forced to surrender. 
51. Caesar completes the subjugation of Gaul. 
49. Outbreak of the war between Csesar and Pompey. 
48. Caesar triumphs over Pompey at Pharsalia. Pomney flees to 

Egyjit, where he is murdered. 
48-47. War of Caesar in Egypt (Alexandrine War). 
47. Ctesar vanquishes Pharnaces, king of Bosporus. 
46. The Pompeians in Africa are overwhelmed by Caesar in the 

battle of Thapsus. Juba, king of Numidia, and Cato put 

an end to their lives. 
Reformation of the calendar by Ctesar. 
45. Ca3sar crushes the Pompeians in Spain in the battle of Munda. 

He is made dictator for life. 
44. Murder of Ceesar by Brutus, Cassius, and other consjjirators. 

Contest for power between Antony and Octavius. Cicero's 

eloquence secures the triumph of Octavius in Rome. 
44-43. x\ntony takes up arms against the government, and be- 
sieges Decius Brutus in Mutina (Mutinensian War). His 

forces are overthro^vn by those of the Senate. 
43. Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus form the second Triumvu-ate. 

Proscriptions of the Triumvirs ; Cicero put to death. 
42. Octavius and Antony overwhelm Cassius and Bi'utus in the 

two battles of Philippi. 
41-40. War in Italy between Octavius and the party of Antony 

(Pei'usian War). 
40.* Antony and Octavius proclaim Herod I. (foimder of the Idu- 

msean dynasty) king of Judea. 

* See Schurer, " Lehrbuch dor neutestamentlichen Zeitgeschiclite," p. 184, note. 
Herod was in Rome at the time, and landed in Syria in 39, 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. I7 

38-36. Naval war between Octavius and Sextus Pompeius, who is 

completely defeated. 
37. Conquest of Jerusalem by Herod ; fall of the Asmonean house. 

36. Fall of Lepidus. 

31. War between Octavius and Antony. Naval victory of Octa- 
vius off Actium. He becomes master of the Roman world. 
Flight of Antony with Cleopatra to Egypt. 

30. Death of Antony and Cleopatra ; end of the Ptolemaic dynasty. 

Egypt is annexed to the Roman dominions. 
27. Octavius receives the title of Augustus. 
24. Unsuccessful expedition of ^lius Gallus into Arabia. 
19. Agrippa effects the final subjugation of the Cantabri ; Rome 

mistress of the whole Spanish peninsula. 
15. Drusus and Tiberius subdue the Rh^tians and A'indelicians. 
12-9. Victorious campaigns of Drusus against the Germans. 
9. Tiberius completes the subjugation of Pannonia. 
4. Death of Herod the Great. 
A. D. 
9. Arminius, the leader of the Cherusci, annihilates the army of 

Quintilius Varus in the Teutoburg Forest. 
14. Death of Augustus. He is succeeded by Tiberius. 
14-16. Germanicus repeatedly invades Germany, and finally tri- 

umj)hs over Arminius. 
26. Tiberius quits Rome, leaving the conduct of affairs to Sejanus. 
29-33. Date of the Crucifixion variously placed by theologians 
within this period. 

31. Fall and execution of Sejanus. 

37. Caligula succeeds Tiberius as emjDeror. 

41. Murder of Caligula. Accession of Claudius. 

41-44. All Palestine united under Herod Agrippa I. 

43. The Romans begin the conquest of Britain. 

50-51. Caractacus, king of the Silures in Britain, is betrayed to the 
Romans, and brought a prisoner to Rome. 

54. Claudius is poisoned by his wife Agrippina. Accession of her 
son Nero. 

61. Revolt in Britain under Boadicea. She is vanquished by Sue- 
tonius Paulinus. 

64. Great fire in Rome. First persecution of the Christians. 

65. Piso's conspiracy against Nero. The emperor ordei-s the death 

of Seneca and Lucan. 

66. Rising of the Jews against the Roman rule. 

67-68. Victorious campaigns of Vespasian against the Jews. 



18 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

68. Vindex, Galba, Otho, and other commanders rebel against 

Nero. March of Galba upon Eome. Death of Nero. Ac- 
cession of Galba. 

69. Otho puts an end to the reign of Galba, and becomes emperor. 

He succumbs to the arms of Vitellius, who mounts the 
throne. Vitellius is overthrown and succeeded by Vespasian. 
69-70. Insurrection of the Batavi under Claudius Civilis. 

70. Siege and destruction of Jerusalem by Titus. 

78-79. Agricola extends the Roman dominion in Britain to the 
Tyne. 

79. Titus succeeds his father Vespasian. 

Herculaneum and Pompeii are overwhelmed by an eruption of 
Vesuvius. 

80. Titus dedicates the Colosseum, the work of Vespasian. 
80-81. Agricola advances the Roman frontiers in Britain to the 

Frith of Forth. 

81. Titus is succeeded by his brother Domitian. 

83-84. Victorious campaigns of Agricola against the Caledonians. 
86-90. The Dacians, under Decebalus, wage a successful war 

against the Romans. 
96. Murder of Domitian. The Roman Senate raises Nerva to the 

throne, 
98. Nerva is succeeded by Trajan. 

101-106. Wars of Trajan with Decebalus, ending in the conquest 
of Dacia. 

115. Trajan, in a war against Parthia, adds Armenia and Mesopota- 
mia to the Roman dominions. The Roman Empire attains 
its greatest extension. (See 117.) 

117. Hadrian succeeds Trajan. He relinquishes the conquests made 
by Trajan in the Parthian War. 

131-135 or 136. Insurrection of the Jews under Bar Cocheba. (Fol- 
lowed by the complete dispersion of the people.) 

138. Hadrian is succeeded by Antoninus Pius. 

161. Death of Antoninus. Accession of Marcus Aurelius, who makes 
Lucius Verus his associate in the empire. (Death of Verus, 
about beginning of 169. 

161-166. W^ar between Parthia and Rome. 

166 {about)-lQO. War between the Romans and the Germanic tribes 
of the Marcomanni and Quadi. 

177. Persecution of the Christians in Gaul. 

180. Marcus Aiirelius is succeeded by his son Commodus. Begin- 
ning of the period of Rome's rapid decline. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 19 

192. Murder of Commoclus. 

193. Reigu of Pertinax, who is slain by tlie prcetorians. Didius 

Jiiliauus purchases the imperial dignity. Albinus, Septi- 
mius Severus, and Niger are invested with the purple by 
their legions. Fall of Didius Julianus and accession of 
Severus. 

194. Severus triumphs in the East over his rival Niger. Byzantium 

holds out against Severus. 

196. Fall of Byzantium. 

197. Sevenxs crushes Albinus in Gaul. 

198. Victorious advance of Septimius Severus against the Parthians. 
208-209. Septimius Severus overruns Caledonia. 

211. Death of Septimius Severus. He is succeeded by his sons, 

Caracalla (Caracallus) and Geta. 

212. Murder of Geta by Caracalla. 

213. First campaign of the Romans agaiust the Alemanni. 

217. Murder of Caracalla. Macrinus is proclaimed emperor. 

218. Elagabalus overthrows Macrinus, and succeeds him. 
222. Murder of Elagabalus. Accession of Alexander Severus. 
226. Overthrow of the Parthian kingdom by Ardeshir (Artaxerxes), 

who founds the new Persian kingdom of the Sassanidas. 

231-233. War of Alexander Severus against the Pereians. 

235. Murder of Alexander Severus. Accession of Maximin. 

238. Reljellion against Maximin in the province of Africa; the pro- 
consul Gordian and his son are raised to the imperial dignity ; 
they are overthrown. The Senate proclauns Pupienus Maxi- 
mus and Balbinus joint emperors. Advance of Maximin 
into Italy. The third Gordian is associated with Pupienus 
Maximus and Balbinus in the empire. Murder of Maximin 
before Aquileia. Murder of Pupienus Maximus and Balbi- 
nus. Gordian becomes ruler of the Roman world. 

241. Victorious advance of the Persian king Sapor I. against the 

Roman dominions. 

242. Gordian defeats the Persians. 

244. Murder of Gordian. Accession of Philij) the Arabian. 

249. Overthrow of Philip. Accession of Decius. 

250. Pereecution of the Christians by order of Decius. 

The Goths penetrate into the Roman dominions as far as 
Thrace, and take Philippopolis. 

251. Defeat and death of Decius in the war against the Goths. Ac- 

cession of Gallus. 
253. ^milianus assumes the purple. 
3 



20 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

254. Murder of Gallus. Valerian marches against ^milianus. 
Death of ^milianus. 

254-268. Eeigns of Valerian and his son Gallienus, marked by the 
invasions of the Goths, Franks, Alemanni, and the Persian 
king Sapor, and by niunerous rebellions in the empire. 
(Gallienus associate of his father in the government. Vale- 
rian prisoner of the Persians from about 260.) 

268. Accession of Claudius II. 

269. Claudius II. is victorious over the Goths at Naissus, in Mcesia. 

270. Aurelian succeeds Claudius II. He successfully opposes the 

Goths in Pannonia. The Alemanni invade Italy. 

271. The Alemanni in Italy are overwhelmed by Aurelian. 
272-273. Aurelian vanquishes Zenobia, queen of Palmyra. 

275. Assassination of Aurelian. Accession of Tacitus. 

276. Death of the emj)eror Tacitus. Reign of Florian. 

276-282. Reign of Probvis ; he defeats the Germans, Sarmatians, 
and other enemies. 

282. Accession of Carus. 

283. Victorious campaign of Carus against Persia. Death of Carus ; 

his sons, Carinus (the associate of his father in the govern- 
ment) and Numerian, joint emperors. 

284. Murder of Numerian. Diocletian is proclaimed emperor. 

285. Murder of Carinus. 

286. Diocletian makes Maximian his colleague m the empire. 

292. Galerius and Constantius Chlorus are appointed ' ' Ceesars " by 
Diocletian and Maximian (the "Augusti"). Partition of 
the empire between the four. 

303. Persecution of the Christians by Diocletian. 

305. Abdication of Diocletian and Maximian. Galerius and Con- 

stantius Chlorus become " Augusti." ]\Iaximm and Severiis 
are appointed " Cajsars." 

306. Death of Constantius Chlorus. His son, Constantine the Great, 

becomes " CiBsar." Severus is raised to the rank of "Augus- 
tus." Maxentius, son of Maximian, assumes the purple. 
Maximian resumes the title of "Augustus." 

307. Fall of Severus. Licinius is made "Augustus." 

308. Constantine and Maximin are proclaimed "Augusti." 

310. Maximian suffers death by order of Constantine. 

311. Death of Galerius. 

312. Constantine marches into Italy, vanquishes Maxentius, and 

becomes sole ruler of the western half of the Roman world. 

313. Constantine and Licinius proclaim toleration for the Christian 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 21 

religion. Licinius overthrows Maximin and unites the east- 
ern half of the Roman Empire under his sceptre. 

314. First war between Constant ine and Licinius. 

323. Constantrne ovel•^vhelms Licinius and becomes sole master of 
the Roman world. 

325. Council of Nice, the first general council ; condemnation of 
Ai'ius by the followers of Athanasius. 

330. Transfer of the capital of the Roman Empire by Constantine 
from Rome to Byzantium (Constantinople). 

337. Death of Constantine. Partition of the Roman Empire be- 
tween his sons, Constantine, Constans, and Constantius. 

340. Constantine II. makes war on Constans, and is slain. Con- 
stans becomes lord of the principal portion of the Roman 
Emiiire, Constantius ruling in the East. 

341 (about). Ulfilas becomes bLshoii of the Goths. 

350. Magnentius proclaims himself emperor, and overthrows Con- 
stans. 

351- Magnentius is defeated by Constantius in the battle of Mursa. 

353- Magnentius succumbs to the arms of Constantius, who becomes 
sole emperor. Constantius convokes the synod of Aries for 
the condemnation of Athanasius. 

355 Council of Milan ; condemnation of Athanasius by the Arians. 

356-?59. Victorious career of Julian against the Alemanni and 
Fi'anks. 

360- Juhau is i^roclaimed emperor in Gaul. 

361' Death of Constantius. 

363- Campaign of Julian against Sapor U. of Persia. The emperor 
is slain. He is succeeded by Jovian, who imrchases peace 
of Sapor by sacrificing the Roman frontiers. 

364. Jovian is succeeded by Valentinian I., who appoints his brother, 
Valens, his associate in the empire, assigning to him the 
East. 

374. The Huns pass the Volga, and overj)ower the Alani, who join 

them. 
Ambrose is elected bishop of Milan. 

375. Death of Valentinian I. He is succeeded by his son, Gratian 

(appointed "Augustus" in 367), who is forced to acknowl 
edge his brother, Valentinian II. (4 or 5 years of age), his 
associate in the empire. 
375-376. The Huns force the Ostrogoths into submission, and oblige 
the Visigoths to seek shelter in the Roman dominions south 
of the Danube. 



22 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

378. The Goths overwhelm the army of Valens near Adrianople ; 

death of the emperor. 

379. Gratian assigns the sovereignty of the East to Theodosius the 

Great. 
381. Council of Constantinople (second general council). 
383. Gratian is overthrown by Maximus. (Valentinian II. retains 

the sovei'eignty of Italy, Africa, and Western lUyricum.) 

387. Maximus expels Valentinian II. from Italy. 

388. Theodosius the Great overthrows Maximus. Valentinian II. 

becomes sole ruler of the West. 
392. Murder of Valentinian II. by Arbogast, who places Eugenius 
on the throne of the West. 

394. Theodosius the Great vanquishes Eugenius and Arbogast, and 

unites the whole Roman Empire under his sway. 

395. Death of Theodosius the Great. He is succeeded by his sons, 

Arcadius and Honorius, the former as emperor of the East, 
and the latter of the West ; final division of the Roman Em- 
pire into the Byzantine and Western Emj)ires. 
Augustine is elected bishop of Hippo. 

401. Alaric, king of the Visigoths, invades Italy. 

402.* Stilicho, the general of Honorius, defeats Alaric at Pollentia, 
and saves Italy. 

405. Rhadagaisus, at the head of a host of Ostrogoths, Vandals, 

Suevi, Burgundians, and other barbarians, invades Italy. 
He is vanquished by Stilicho. 
405 (about). Jerome completes his Latin version of the Bible. 

406. The Vandals, Alani, Suevi, and Burgundians cross the Rhine 

and invade Gaul. 

408. Theodosius 11. succeeds Arcadius in the Byzantine Empire. 
Stilicho is put to death by Honorius. 

409. The Vandals, Suevi, and Alani enter Spain. 

410. The Visigoths, under Alaric, pillage Rome. 
412. The Visigoths enter Gaul. 

415 (a6ou^)-4l8. The Visigoths lay the foundations of their domin- 
ion in Spain. 

418. The Visigoths obtain possession of a large i)ortion of Aqui- 
tania. 

423. Death of Honorius. Usurpation of Joannes. 

* Felix Dahn, " Urgeschichte der germanischen und romanischen Volker," 1881. 
The chronology of this period is very obscure. The date commonly assigned for the 
battle of Pollentia is 403. Hertzberg, in his " Geschichte des romischen Kaiser- 
reichs," agrees with Dahn. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 23 

425. Fall of Joannes. Valentinian III. ascends the throne of the 

West undei* the regency of his mother Placidia. 
429. The Vandals, under Genseric, invade Africa. 
430-431. Bonifacius unsuccessfully opposes the Vandals in Africa. 

431. Council of Ephesus (third general council). 

432. Bonifacius perishes in the struggle with his rival Aetius. 
439. Genseric becomes master of Carthage. 

441. The Huns, vmder Attila, pass the Danube and invade Illyricum. 

449. Landing of the Jutish band of Hengist and Horsa in Britain, 
Council of Ephesus ("robbers' synod "). 

450. Death of Theodosius II. 

451. The Romans, under Aetius, and the Visigoths, successfully en- 

counter Attila on the field of Chalons. Retreat of Attila 
from Gaul. 
Council of Chalcedon (fourth general council). 

452. Attila ravages Italy ; Rome is saved by its bishop, Leo the Great. 

455. Petronius Maximus murders Valentinian III. and usurps the 

throne of the West. Fall of Maximus. The Vandals, under 
Genseric, pillage Rome. Avitus is proclaimed emperor of 
the West. 

456. Avitus is deposed by Ricimer. 

457. Ricimer places Majorian on the throne of the West. 

461. Ricimer deposes Majorian, and makes Libius Severus nominal 
emperor. 

465. Death of Libius Severus. Ricimer continues to wield the su- 
preme power. 

467. Anthemius is made emperor of the West. 

468. The Byzantine emperor, Leo I., supported by the Western 

Empire, makes a great but unsuccessful effoi-t against the 

Vandals. 
472. Fall of Anthemius. Reign of Olybrius. 
473-474. Glycerins emperor of the West. 
474-475. Julius Nepos emperor of the West. 

475. Romulus Augustulus is made emperor of the West. 

476. Odoacer, a chief of German mercenaries, dethrones Romulus 

Augustulus, and puts an end to the Western Empu'e. Odo- 
acer assumes the title of king of Italy. 

486. Victory of ClovLs, king of the Franks, over Syagi'ius at Sois- 
sons, which puts an end to the Roman dominion in Gaul. 

489. Theodoric the Great, king of the Ostrogoths, invades Italy. 

490-493. Odoacer is besieged by Theodoric in Ravenna, and forced 
to surrender. Theodoric king of Italv. Murder of Odoacer. 



24 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

496. Clovis vanquishes the Alemanni. Baptism of Clovis. 

507-508. Clovis defeats the Visigoths near Poitiers, and makes him- 
self master of nearly all Aquitania. 

511. Death of Clovis ; partition of the Frankish possessions between 
his sons. 

526 (about). Boethius is put to death by order of Theodoric. 

526. Death of Theodoric. 

Destruction of Antioch by an earthquake. 

527. Justinian ascends the Byzantine throne. 
529. Publication of the Code of Justinian. 

530 (about). Foundation of the order of Benedictines. 

533. Belisarius, the general of Justinian, destroys the Vandal king- 

dom in Africa. 

534. The Franks overthrow the Burgundian kingdom. 

535. Belisarius is sent by Justinian to recover Italy from the Ostro- 

goths. He conquers Sicily. 

536. Belisarius enters Rome. 

537-538. Vitiges, king of the Ostrogotlis, unsuccessfully besieges 

Belisarius in Rome. 
540 (about beginning of). Belisarius obtains possession of Ravenna, 

the stronghold of Vitiges. 
540. Chosroes I., king of Persia, invades Syria. 
541-542. Belisarius successfully opposes Chosroes. 

552. Totila, king of the Ostrogoths, is defeated and slain by the 

forces of Narses, the successor of Belisarius. 

553. Narses puts an end to the Ostrogothic i>ower in Italy, wliich is 

annexed to the Byzantine Empire. 
Council of Constantinople (fifth general council). 

554. Italy is overrun by the Alemanni and Franks ; destruction of 

their forces. 

558-561. The Frankish empire reunited under Clotaire I. ; again 
divided on his death. 

565. Justinian is succeeded by Justin II. 

566 (about). The Lombards, under Alboin, with the aid of the 
Avars, destroy the kingdom of the Gepidas in Pannonia. 

568. Establishment of the exarchate of Ravenna by the Byzan- 
tines. 

568-572. Alboin establishes the Lombard kingdom in Italy. 

582-602. Reign of the Byzantine emperor Mauritius ; wars with the 
Persians and Avars. 

597. Augustin, dispatched by Pope Gregory the Great, begins the 
conversion of the Anglo-Saxons. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 05 

611-616. Chosroes II., king of Persia, conquers Syria, Egypt, and 
Asia Minor from the Byzantines. (See G22, 627.) 

613. Clotaire II. reunites the whole Frankish empire. (The realm 
again divided during his reign.) 

622. The Byzantine emperor Heraclius entei*s upon hLs victorioixs 
career against the Pei-sians. 
Flight of Mohammed from Mecca to Medina — the Hegira. 

627. The forces of Chosroes II. are overthrown by those of Heraclius 

at Nineveh. 

628. Fall of Chosroes II. 

629. Mecca submits to Mohammed. He invades Palestine. 

631. The Frankish empire is reunited under Dagobert I. (Again 

divided on his death, 638.) 

632. Death of Mohammed. Acce.ssion of Abubekr, the firet caliph. 

His forces advance to the conquest of Syi'ia. 

634. Death of Abubeki". Accession of Omar. 

635. The Saracens break the power of the Persian monarchy in the 

battle of Cadesia. 

636 {about close of). The Saracens complete the conquest of Syria 
and Palestine. 

639-641. Amru, the general of Omar, conquers Egypt from the 
Byzantines. 

642. Victory of the Saracens at Nehavend, which ]3laces Persia in 
their power. (Death of the last king of the Sassanidae, 651.) 

644. Assassination of Omar. Accession of Othman. 

656. Assassmation of Othman. Accession of Ali. 

661. Moawdyah founds the Ommiyade dynasty of caliphs. (Damas- 
cus made the seat of the caliphate.) 

680 (about). The Bulgarians establish a kingdom in Moesia.* 

680-681. Council of Constantinople (sixth general council). 

687. Pepin of Heristal extends his sway over the whole Frankish 
empire. 

697. Establishment of the dogate in Venice. 

711. The Saracens, under the lead of Tarik, j)ass into Spain, and 
overwhelm Eoderic, king of the Visigoths, at Xerez de la 
Frontera. (The conquest of the peninsula completed within 
three years.) 

719. The Saracens take Narbonne. 

726. First edict of the Byzantine emperor Leo the Isaurian respect- 
ing images. 

* Modern Bulgaria. 



26 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

730. Prohibition of image worship m the Byzantine dominions. 
732. Battle of Poitiei's ; Charles Martel overwhelms the Saracens, 
and saves the Frankish empire. 

750. Overthrow of the Ommiyade dynasty of caliphs by the Abbas- 

sides. 

751. Pepin the Short, son of Charles Martel, deposes Childeric III., 

the last of the Merovingians, and assumes the title of king 
of the Franks, founding the Carlovingiau dynasty. 

752. The Lombards, iinder Astolphus, put an end to the exarchate 

of Ravenna. 

755. Pepin the Short vanquishes Astolphus, and invests Pope 

Stephen II. with Ravenna, the Pentapolis, and other places 
wrested from the Lombards ; creation of the Papal States. 

756. Foundation of the Ommiyade kingdom (afterward caliphate) 

of Cordova by Abderrahman. 

762 (about). Foundation of Bagdad by Al-Mansoui". (The city soon 
after made the seat of the caliphate.) 

768. Pepin the Short is succeeded by his sons, Charles (Charle- 
magne) and Carloman. 

771. Death of Carloman ; Charlemagne sole king of the Franks. 

772. Charlemagne enters upon his wars against tlie Saxons. 

774. Charlemagne vanquishes Desiderius, and puts an end to the 
Lombard kingdom. He is crowned king of Italy. 

778. Charlemagne invades Spain. Disaster of Roncesvalles. 

780. Ii'ene assumes the government of the Byzantine Empire in the 
name of her son, Constantino VI. (Constantine dethroned, 
797.) 

785. Wittikind, the leader of the Saxons, submits to Charlemagne. 

786. Accession of the caliph Haroun al-Rashid. 

787. Second council of Nice (seventh general council) ; condemna- 

tion of the Iconoclasts. 

788. Charlemagne brmgs Bavaria completely under the Frankish 

sway. 

789 (about). First recorded inroad of the Northmen into Eng- 
land. 

791-796. Charlemagne destroys the power of the Avars. 

800. Coronation of Charlemagne as emperor of the West by Pope 
Leo III. 

813. The Bulgarian khan Krumn menaces Constantinople. 
Accession of the caliph Al-Mamoun. 

814. Death of Charlemagne ; he is succeeded by his son, Louis 

le Debonnaire. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 27 

826 {about). Ansgar enters upon liis missionary labors among the 

Northmen. 
827. Egbert, king of Wessex, establishes his overlordship over the 

states of the Anglo-Saxon Heptarchy. 
The Saracens begin the conquest of Sicily from the Byzantines. 
833. Louis le Debonnaire in the power of his rebellious sons. 

840. Death of Louis le Debonnaire ; he is succeeded by his sons, 

Lothaire (emperor), Louis the German, and Charles the Bald. 

841. Defeat of Lothaire by his brothers, Louis and Charles, in the 

battle of Fontenailles (Fontenay). 

842. The council of Constantinople gives a fuial sanction to image 

worship. 

843. Partition of the Frankish empire by the treaty of Verdun be- 

tween the sons of Louis le Debonnaire : Italy and a region 
west of the Rhine and the Alj)s allotted to Lothaire ; Ger- 
many, to Louis the German ; France, to Charles the Bald. 

845. The Northmen pillage Paris. 

846. The Saracens appear before Rome. 

851. Victory of Ethelwulf over the Northmen at Ockley. 

862. The Varangian chief Rurik lays the foundations of the Rus- 

sian Emx^ire at Novgorod. 

863. Cyril and Methodius undertake the conversion of the Mora- 

vians. 
863 (864 ?). Bogoris, khan of the Bulgarians, embraces Christianity. 

865. First naval expedition of the Varangians against Constan- 

tinople. 

866. Accession of Alfonso the Great of Asturias. 

867. Photius, patriarch of Constantinople, convenes a synod which 

excommunicates the pope. Basil I. inaugurates the Mace- 
donian dynasty in the Byzantine Empire. 

869-870. Eighth general council, held at Constantinople. 

870-894. Reign of Svatopluk in Moravia. 

871. Accession of Alfred the Great. 

874. The Northmen settle in Iceland. 

878. Victory of Alfred the Great over the Danes at Eduigton ; bap- 

tism of Guthrum. 
The Saracens take Syracuse, and become masters of Sicily. 

879. Foundation of the kmgdom of Cisjurane Burgundy. 

884 {about the close o/)-887. Reunion of the empire of Charlemagne 

under Charles the Fat. 
885-886. Siege of Paris by the Northmen. 
887. Deposition of Charles the Fat. 



28 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

888. Complete and final disruption of tlie Carlovingian empire. 

Foundation of the kingdom of Transjurane Burgundy. 
891. Arnulf, king of Germany, defeats the Northmen at Lou vain. 
894 (about). The Magyars (Hungarians) cross the Carpathians, and 

occupy the hasin of the Theiss. 
901. Death of Alfred the Great ; he is succeeded by his son, Edward 

the Elder. 
909. Establishment of the Fatimite caliphate in Africa. 
911. End of the Carlovingian dynasty m Germany. The Germans 

elect Conrad, duke of Franconia, their king. 
Charles the Simple, king of France, grants Normandy as a 

duchy to the Northman Rolio. 
912-961. Reign of Abderrahman III. of Cordova; the Arab realm 

in Spain at the height of its splendor. 

918. Death of Conrad, king of Germany. 

919. Henry the Fowler is elected king of Germany, inaugurating 

the Saxon dynasty. 
925. Athelstan succeeds his father, Edward the Elder, in England. 
933. Victory of Henry the Fowler over the Hungarians at Merse- 

burg. 
The kingdoms of Cisjurane and Transjurane Burgundy are 

united into one realm, the kingdom of Aries. 

936. Accession of Otho the Great in Germany and of Louis d'Ou- 

tremer in France. 

937. Athelstan defeats the Danes and Scots at Brunanburh. 

951. Otho the Great dethrones Berenger II., king of Italy. 

952. Otho I. reinstates Berenger II. as his feudatory. 
955. Otho I. vanquishes the Hungarians on the Lech. 

961. Final dethronement of Berenger II. by Otho I. ; the crown of 

Italy passes from the descendants of Charlemagne to the 
sovereigns of Germany. 

962. Coronation of Otho the Great as emperor of the Romans by 

Pope John XII. ; establishment of the Holy Roman Empire 

of the German nation. 
963-969. Reign of the Byzantine emperor Nicephorus Phocas, 

marked by victorious campaigns, conducted by himself and 

his general John Zimisces, against the Saracens in Asia. 

John Zimisces murders the emperor, and takes j)OSsession 

of the throne. 
966. Miecislas, ruler of Poland, embraces Christianity. 
969. Conquest of Egypt by the Fatimites. 
973. Otho II. succeeds his father, Otho I., in the German Empire. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 29 

978. Victorious advance of Otho II. into France. 

981-982. "War of Otlio II. against the Saracens and Greeks in South 

Italy. His army is finally overthrown. 
983. Otho II. of Germany is succeeded by his infant son, Otho III. 

987. End of the Carlovingian line of kings in France. Hugh 

Capet inaugurates the Capetian dynasty. 

988. Vladimir the Great of Eussia embraces Christianity. 
991. Ethelred II. of England pays tribute to the Danes. 

997. Death of Gejza, the first Christian monarch of Hungary. 
The doge of Venice assumes the title of duke of Dalmatia. 

998. Crescentius, having usurped power in Rome, is overcome and 

put to death by Otho III. 

1000. Meeting between Otho III. and Boleslas the Valiant, ruler of 

Poland, at Gnesen. Otho founds the archbishopric of 
Gnesen. 
Stephen, ruler of Hungary, receives the royal dignity from 
Pope Sylvester II. 

1001. First invasion of India by Mahmoud of Ghuzni. 

1002. Henry II. succeeds Otho III. in the German Empire. 
Massacre of the Danes in England. 

1013. Sweyn, king of Denmark, becomes master of England. 

1014. Death of Sweyn ; restoration of Ethelred II. 

1016. Death of Ethelred II. Contest for the possession of England 

between his son, Edmund Ironside, and Canute, son of 
Sweyn. Death of Edmund. 

1017. Camite becomes king of all England (having succeeded to the 

throne of Denmark in 1016). 

1018. The Byzantine emperor Basil II. completes the destruction of 

the Bulgarian realm. (See 1186.) 

1019-1054. Reign of Yaroslav in Russia. (The country on his 
death partitioned into various principalities.) 

1020. Death of the Persian poet Firdusi. 

1024. Death of Henry II., emperor of Germany. Conrad II. in- 
augurates the Franconian dynasty. 

1027. Conrad II. formally cedes Schleswig to the Danes. 

1028. Invasion of Norway by Canute. 

1031. End of the Ommiyade caliphate of Cordova. 

1032. Extinction of the line of Arletan kings. 

1033. Sancho the Great, king of Navarre, having acquired Castile 

(1028), erects it into an independent kingdom. 
1033-1034. Conrad II. establishes his dominion over the Arletan 
terx'itories. 



30 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1035. Death of Canute ; his sons, Harold Harefoot and Hardica- 
nute, lords of England. 
Aragon is separated from Navarre and made an independent 
kingdom. 
1036 or 1037. Death of the Arabian physician and philosopher Avi- 

cenna. 
1037. Harold becomes sole ruler of England. 

1037-1050 (about). The Seljuks, under Togrul Beg, establish their 
dominion in Persia. 

1039. Henry III. succeeds his father, Conrad II. , in Germany. 
Macbeth kills Duncan, and becomes king of the Scots. 

1040. Hardicaniite becomes king of England. 

1041. The Normans conquer most of Apulia from the Byzantines. 

1042. Death of Hardicanute ; end of the Danish rule in England. 

Edward the Confessor succeeds to the throne. 
1046. Tlie emperor Henry III. holds a council at Sutri, puts aside 
the rival claimants to the pontificate, and himself appoints 
a new pope, Clement II. 

1054. Complete separation of the Greek and Latin Churches. 

1055. Togrul Beg, sultan of the Seljuks, establishes his authority 

in the dominions of the caliph of Bagdad, who retains the 
nominal exercise of power. 

1056. Henry IV. succeeds his father, Henry III., in Germany under 

the regency of his mother, Agnes. 

1057. The first of the Comneni ascends the Byzantine throne. 

1059. Nicholas II. decrees that the election of the pope be hence- 
forth vested in the college of cardinals. The pope confirms 
Robert Guiscard in the title of duke of Apulia and Calabria. 

1061. Tlie Normans, under Robert Guiscard and his brother Roger, 

engage in the conquest of Sicily from the Saracens. 

1062. Anno, archbishop of Cologne, seizes the pei-son of the young 

emperor Henry IV. and the reins of government. 
1066. Harold II. succeeds Edward the Confessor. The Norwegians 
invade England, and are defeated by Harold. William, 
duke of Normandy, invades England, overthrows Harold 
in the battle of Hastings, Oct. 14, and conquers the kmg- 
dom. 

1071. The Seljuk sultan. Alp Ai^lan, defeats and takes prisoner the 

Byzantine emperor, Romanus Diogenes. 

1072. Roger Guiscard takes Palermo from the Saracens, and estab- 

lishes his power in Sicily. 
Malek Shah becomes sultan of the Seljuks. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 31 

1073. Election of Pope Gregory YII. (Hildebrand). 

1074. Gregory VII. holds a council for the prohibition of simony 

and the marriage of the clergy. 
1074-1084 (about). The Seljuks conquer Asia Minor and Syria. Else 
of the sultanate of Roum. 

1075. Gregory VII. holds a council which prohibits lay investiture. 

Beginning of the war between the emperor Henry IV. and 
the pope respecting investiture. 

1076. Henry IV. holds a council at Worms which deposes Gregory 

VII. The pope, in union with the German prmces, de- 
poses the emperor. 

1077. Henry IV. humbles himself before Gregoiy A^II. at Canossa, 

and receives absolution. Election of a rival emperor in 
Germany, Rudolph of Swabia. 

1080. Henry IV. holds a council which deposes Gregory VII., and 

elects Guibert (Antipope Clement III.) in his place. The 
war between Henry and Rudolph of Swabia is terminated 
by the death of the latter. 

1081. Henry IV. is foiled in an expedition against Rome. Her- 

mann of Luxemburg is set up as emperor in opposition to 
Henry. 
Alexis Comnenus takes Constantinople, and places himself on 
the Byzantine throne. Robert Guiscard makes war on 
Alexis, and defeats his forces at Durazzo. 

1084. Henry IV. besieges Gregory VII. in the castle of Sant' Angelo. 

Robert Guiscard advances and delivers the pope. 

1085. Conquest of Toledo from the Moors by Alfonso the Valiant 

of Castile and Leon. 
Death of Gregory YII. and Robert Guiscard. 

1086. Completion of the Domesday Book under William the Con- 

queror. 

1087. William the Conqueror is succeeded by his son William 

Rufus in England, and by his son Robert in Normandy. 

1090-1102. The Almoravides of Morocco conquer most of Moham- 
medan Spain. 

1092. Death of Malek Shah, followed by the complete disruption of 
the empire of the Seljuks. 

1095. Pope Urban 11. holds the councils of Piacenza and Clermont. 
Proclamation of a crasade for the recovery of the holy 
sepvilchre. 

1095 (fibout). Alfonso the Valiant of Castile and Leon erects Por- 
tugal into a coimty for Henry of Burgundy. 



32 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1096. Peter the Hermit, Walter the Penniless, and others lead 

hordes of undisciplined crusaders to destruction. Godfrey 
of Bouillon and his associates conduct their forces toward 
the Holy Land. 

1097. The crusaders take Nicaea. They defeat the sultan of Iconium 

at Dorylseum. Baldwin of Flanders founds the principal- 
ity of Edessa. 

1098. The crusaders take Antioch, where they are unsuccessfully 

hesieged hy the Mussulmans. 

1099. Bohemond establishes himself as prince of Antioch. Suc- 

cessful termination of the first crusade. Storming of 
Jerusalem, July 15. Godfrey of Bouillon is appointed 
ruler of the conquered city. Victory of the crusaders over 
the ruler of Egypt at Ascalon. 

1100. Henry I. succeeds his brother, William Rufus, in England. 

1101. Robert, duke of Normandy, makes war on his brother, Henry 

I., and invades England. 
1106. Henry I. overthrows Robert, and secures Normandy, 

Accession of Henry V. to the throne of Germany. 
1108. Louis VI. succeeds his father, Philip I., in France. 

1111. Henry V. arrests Pope Paschal XL, and extorts his consent to 

the imperial right of investiture. Coronation of Henry by 
the poi^e. 

1112. Paschal II. revokes his concessions to Henry V., who is ex- 

communicated by the council of Vienne. 

1115. Death of Matilda, countess of Tuscany. (Her dominions, 
oi'iginally destined by her for the church, are taken posses- 
sion of by the emperor of Germany in 1116.) 
Foundation of the Cistercian monastery of Clairvaux by St. 
Bernard. 

1118 {about). Foundation of the order of Knights Templars. 

1122. Henry V. concludes with Pope Calixtus II. the Concordat 

of Worms, which settles the contest respecting investi- 
ture, the emperor agreeing to the free election of bishops. 

1123. First council of the Lateran (ninth genei'al council). 

1125. Death of the emperor Henry V. ; end of the Franconian 
dynasty. Lothaire II. , duke of Saxony, is elected his suc- 
cessor. Lothaire declares war to the house of Hohen- 
staufen. 

1127. Roger II., count of Sicily, is recognized as duke of Apulia 
and Calabria, uniting the Norman conquests in Italy with 
Sicily. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 33 

1128. Conrad, duke of Franconia, of tlie house of Holienstaufen, 

has hunself crowned king of the Lombards in opposition to 

Lothaire II. 
1132-1133. Expedition of Lothaire 11. to Rome in support of Pope 

Innocent II. against the antipope Anacletus II. 
1135. Death of Henry I. of England ; he is succeeded by his 

nephew, Stephen. 
Lothaire forces the house of Hohenstaufen into submission. 
1136-1137. Successful expedition of Lothaire against the Italian 

cities and Eoger II. of Sicily. Death of the emperor. 

1137. Louis VII. succeeds his father, Louis VI., in France. 

1138. David I. of Scotland, having invaded England, is defeated in 

the battle of the Standard. 
Accession of Conrad III., the first of the Hohenstaufen em- 
perors of Germany. 
1138-1139. War between Conrad III. and Henry the Haughty, duke 
of Bavaria and Saxony, of the house of Guelph. Conrad 
gives Saxony to Albert the Bear, and Bavaria to Leopold 
IV. of Austria. Henry, after defeating Albert the Bear, 
dies, and leaves as his heir his son, Henry the Lion, a minor. 

1139. Matilda (Maud), daughter of Henry I., and wife of Geoffrey 

Plantagenet, count of Anjou, engages in a war with Stephen 
for the crown of England. 

AfPonso (Alfonso) Henriquez of Portugal gains a great victory 
over the Moors at Ourique. He assumes the royal dignity. 

Second council of the Lateran (tenth general council) ; con- 
demnation of Arnold of Brescia. 

1140. Guelph (Welf) VL, imcle of Henry the Lion, attempting to 

secure possession of Bavaria, is defeated by the forces of 
Conrad HI. at Weinsberg. 

1141. King Stephen is taken prisoner by the party of Matilda. 

1142. Conrad HI. invests Henry the Lion with the duchy of Saxony. 
Death of Abelard. 

1143. Eepublican revolution in Rome, evoked by the agitations of 

Arnold of Brescia. 
1143-1180. Reign of Manuel Comnenus in the Byzantine Empire ; 
wars with the Seljuks, Normans, and Hungarians. 

1144. The sultan of Aleppo takes Edessa. 

1145. Disruption of the Almoravide realm in Spain. 

1146. St. Bernard preaches a crusade for the iirotection of the Holy 

Land against Nourcddin, the new sultan of Ale])po. 
Roger, king of Sicily, ravages the Byzantine dominions. 



34 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1146-about 1171. The Almohades of Morocco extend their sway over 
Mohammedan Spain. 

1147. The emperor Conrad III. and Louis VII. of France engage 

in the second crusade. 

1148. The crusaders unsuccessfully besiege Damascus. 

1149. Return of the crusaders from the Holy Land. 

1151. Union of Aa'agon and Catalonia. 

1152. Marriage of Henry Plantagenet, son of Matilda, with Eleanor 

of Aquitaine. 
Frederick I. , Barharossa, succeeds Conrad III. in Germany. 

1153. Treaty between Stephen and Henry Plantagenet terminating 

the contest for the English throne ; Henry to succeed on 
the death of Stephen. 

1154. Death of King Stephen. Henry II. inaugurates the Planta- 

genet dynasty ; a large portion of France united with the 
crown of England. 
Frederick Barharossa enters upon his first Italian expedition. 

1155. Frederick I. re-establishes the i^apal authority in Rome. Pope 

Adrian IV. has Arnold of Brescia executed. 

1156. Bavaria is i-estored to the house of GueliDh, Henry the Lion 

being placed in possession. 
Erection of Austria into a duchy. 

1157. Frederick I. forces Poland to pay him homage. 

1158. Frederick I. besieges and takes Milan. 

1159. Death of Pope Adrian IV. Election of Alexander III. Fred- 

erick Barharossa creates an antipope, Victor IV. (The first 
of several antipopes set up by the emperor against Alex- 
ander HI.) 
1159-1160. Siege and reduction of Crema by Frederick. 

1160. Excommunication of Frederick by Alexander HI. 
1161-1162. Siege and destruction of Milan by Frederick. 

1164. Enactment of the constitutions of Clarendon, directed against 
the power of the English clergy. 

1167. Formation of the league of the Lombard cities against Fred- 
erick Barharossa. 

1169. The English begin the conquest of Ireland. 

1170. Murder of Thomas a Becket, archbishop of Canterbury. 

1171. End of the Fatimite dynasty of caliphs in Egypt ; Saladin 

takes possession of the country (nominally for Noureddin). 
1174. William the Lion, king of Scotland, falls into the hands of 
the English, and is forced to acknowledge himself the vas- 
sal of Henry II. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 35 

1174-1183. Saladin, sultan of Egypt, conquers Syria and most of 
Mesopotamia fi*om the successors of Noureddin. 

1176. Frederick Barbarossa is vanquished by the forces of the Lom- 

bai'd Leagxie at Legnano. 

1177. Frederick and Pope Alexander III. meet at Venice, and 

terminate their contest. 

1179. Third council of the Lateran (eleventh general council) ; one 

of its canons condemns the Albigenses. 

1180. Philip Augustus succeeds his father, Louis VII., in France. 
Henry the Lion is placed under the ban of the empire. His 

Bavarian territories are assigned to the house of Wittels- 
bach. His Saxon dominions are partitioned. 

1181. Fall of Henry the Lion. 

1183. Peace of Constance between the emperor Frederick Barbaros- 
sa and the cities of the Lombard League, which secures 
their liberties. 

1185. End of the dynasty of the Comneni in Constantinople. 

1186. Marriage of Henry, son of Frederick Barbarossa, with Con- 

stance, heiress of the Two Sicilies. 
Foundation of the Bulgaro-Wallachian realm. 

1187. Saladin vanquishes the Christians at Tiberias, and overthrows 

the kingdom of Jerusalem. 

1189. Frederick Barbarossa sets out on the third crusade. Guy of 

Lusignan, the dispossessed king of Jemsalem, lays siege to 
Acre; he is joined by bodies of crusaders from various 
parts of Europe. 

Fresh troubles in Germany with Henry the Lion. 

Richard Coeur-de-Lion succeeds his father, Henry II. 

1190. Foundation of the order of Teutonic Knights. 

Frederick Barbarossa, after defeating the forces of the sultan 
of Iconium, is drowned in the river Calycadnus. His son, 
Henry VI., becomes emperor of Germany. Richai'd Coeur- 
de-Lion and Philip Augustus engage in the crusade. 

1191. Philip Augustus and Richard join in the siege of Acre, which 

falls. 

1192. Richard concludes a truce with Saladin ; on his return jour- 

ney he is arrested in Austria. 

1193. John Lackland, brother of Richard, attempts to usurp the 

crown of England. 

1194. Richard, after having been prisonor of the emperor Henry 

VI. for more than a year, is ransomed by his subjects. 

He defeats Philip Augustus. 
4 



36 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1194. Henry VI. puts an end to the Norman rule in the Two Sicilies, 

and establishes the Holienstaufen dynasty there. 

1195. Defeat of Alfonso the Noble, king of Castile, by the Moors at 

Alarcos. 

1197. Death of Henry VI. of Germany ; he leaves as heir an infant 

son, Frederick (II.). 

1198. Philip of Swabia, brother of Henry VI. , and Otho of Bruns- 

wick, son of Henry the Lion, are elected to the imperial 
throne of Germany by the Ghibellines and Guelphs respec- 
tively, and engage in a contest for the crown. 

Pope Innocent III. summons Europe to a new crusade ; 
preachings of Foulques de Neuilly. 

Death of the Moorish philosopher Averroes. 

1199. Richard Cceur-de-Lion is killed in a contest with one of his 

French vassals ; he is succeeded by John Lackland, 

1201. Baldwin of Flanders, Boniface of Montferrat, Simon de Mont- 

fort, and other princes engage in the fourth crusade. 

1202. Venice, having agreed to transjaort the crusaders to the Holy 

Land, secures their services, in lieu of a portion of the 

payment, for the conquest of the rebellious city of Zara. 
1202-1205. Philip Augustus wrests Normandy, Maine, Poitou, An- 

jou, and Touraine from King John of England. 
1202-1206. Genghis Khan lays the foundations of a great Mongol 

empire. 

1203. The Venetians and crusaders, under the command of the doge 

Enrico Dandolo, take Constantinople, and restore the de- 
posed emperor Isaac Angelus. 

1204. Revolution in Constantinople. The Venetians and crusaders 

take and pillage the city. Partition of the Byzantine ter- 
ritories. Foundation of the Latin Empire of the East, 
Baldwin of Flanders being raised to tlie throne. Alexis 
Comnenus founds the Greek realm of Trebizond. 
Death of the Jewish theologian and philosopher Maimonides. 
1206. Foundation of the Greek empire of Nica:a by Theodore Las- 
caris. 

1208. Innocent III. proclaims a crusade against the Albigenses. 

He lays England under an interdict. 
Assassination of Philip of Swabia, emperor of Germany, by 
Otho of Wittelsbach. Otho (IV.) of Brunswick is recog 
nized as emperor. 

1209. Massacre of the Albigenses by the crusaders at Beziers. 
Foundation of the order of Franciscans. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 37 

1210-1211. The emperor Otho IV. attempts the conquest of the 
Two Sicilies from Fx'ederick (II.) of Hohenstaufen. 

1212. Frederick of Hohenstaufen, supported by Innocent III., en- 

gages in a contest for the crown of Germany with Otlio. 
The kings of Castile, Navarre, and Aragon overwhelm the 

Moors in the battle of Navas de Tolosa, and break the 

Almohade power in Spain. 
The Children's Crusade. 

1213. Philip Augustus takes up arms for the dethronement of King 

John of England. John becomes a vassal of the pope. 
Simon de Montfort, the leader of the crusade against the Al- 
bigenses, vanquishes Count Eaymond VI. of Toulouse and 
the Aragonese at Muret. 

1214. Victory of Philip Augustus over Otho IV. at Bovines. 

1215. King John signs the Magna Charta. 

Coronation of the emj)eror Frederick 11. in Germany. 
Fourth council of the Lateran (twelfth general council). 

Formal establishment of the inquisition. 
Foundation of the order of Dominicans. 
Capture of Yenking (Peking) by Genghis Khan. 

1216. Heniy III. succeeds his father, John, in England ; the earl of 

Pembroke protector. 
Pope Honorius III. succeeds Innocent III. 

1217. Andrew II., king of Hxmgary, and other princes undertake 

a fifth crusade. 
1217-1218. Simon de Montfort besieges Toulouse, and is killed in 
the enterprise. 

1218. Death of Otho IV. of Germany. 

Andrew 11. withdraws from the crusade, which is prosecuted 
by William I., count of Holland, and John of Brienne. 

1219. The crusaders reduce Damietta. 

1219-1220. The Mongols overrun Turkestan, take Bokhara and 
Samarkand, and break the power of the Kharesmians. 

1221. The crusaders in Egyi^t are forced to agree to disastrous terms 

of peace. 

1222. Andrew II. signs the Golden Bull, the Magna Charta of 

Hungary. 

1223. Louis VIII. succeeds his father, Philip Augustus, in France. 

1224. Victory of the Mongols over the Russians on the Kalka. 
1226. Louis IX. succeeds his father, Louis VIII., in France, under 

the regency of his mother, Blanche of Castile. 
The Lombard League is renewed against Frederick II. 



38 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1227. Pope Gregory IX. succeeds Honorius III. 

Frederick II. embarks on a crusade ; his first expedition mis- 
carries. 

1228. Frederick II. resumes his expedition for the recovery of the 

Holy Land ; Gregory IX. attempts to deprive the emperor 
of his dommions. 

1229. Frederick II. terminates his crusade by a truce with the sultan 

of Egypt, by which Jerusalem is placed in the hands of the 
Christians. 
Raymond VII. of Toulouse submits to terms fatal to the 
Albigenses. 
1231. The Teutonic Knights, summoned to the aid of the Poles 
against the heathen Prussians, lay the foundations of their 
dominion in the Baltic regions. 

1236. Frederick II. makes war on the Lombard League in conjunc- 

tion with the Ghibelline leader Ezzelino da Romano. 
Conquest of Cordova from the Moors by St. Ferdinand of 
Castile and Leon. 

1237. Victory of Frederick II. over the forces of the Lombard League 

at Cortenuova. 
Union of the order of Knights Swordbearers with that of the 
Teutonic Knights. 
1239-1241. Crusade of the French and English nobles and knights, 
headed by Thibaud, count of Champagne and king of 
Navarre, and Richard, earl of Cornwall, brother of Henry 
III. 

1240. Frederick U. advances against Gregory IX., and threatens 

Rome. 
The Mongols of the Golden Horde, under Batu Khan, after 

overrunning and devastating Russia, force the princes of 

the country to do homage. 
Alexander, prince of Novgorod, achieves a great victory over 

the Swedes on the Neva. 

1241. Advance of the Mongols into central Europe. They vanquish 

the Silesians, Poles, and Teutonic Knights on the field of 

the Wahlstatt, near Liegnitz, April 9. They overwhelm 

the Hungarians on the Sajo. 
Death of Gregory IX. 
Hamburg and Liibeck form an alliance for the protection of 

their commerce, laying the foundations of the Hanseatic 

League. 

1242. The Mongols invade Asia Minor. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 39 

1242. Alexander Nevski vanquishes the Knights Swordbearers on 
Lake Peipus. 

1244. The Kharesmians storm Jerusalem. 

1245. The council of Lyons (thirteenth general council), convened 

by Pope Innocent IV., proclaims the deposition of the em- 
peror Frederick II. Proclamation of a new crusade. 

1246. The Babenberg dynasty in Austria terminates with the death 

of Duke Frederick the WarUke. 

1248. Louis IX. of France embarks on his first crusade. 

St. Ferdinand of Castile and Leon wrests Seville from the 

Moors. 
The erection of the cathedral of Cologne is begun. 

1249. The crusaders take Damietta. 

Foundation of Univei'sity College at Oxford ; the university 
at this time at the height of its fame. 

1250. The army of Louis IX. is overwhelmed by the Egyptians. 

The king is captured, but soon released. The Mamelukes 
usurp the supreme power in Egypt. 
The emperor Frederick II. dies, leaving his son, Conrad IV,, 
his successor in his hereditary dominions and in the Ger- 
man Empire. "William II., count of Holland, contests the 
imperial dignity. 

1251. Ottocar, son of Wenceslas I. of Bohemia, acquires Austria. 
1253 {about). Foundation of the Sorbonne. 

1254. Death of Conrad IV., the last of the Hohenstaufen emperors; 
his infant son, Conradin, his heir ; William of Holland rec- 
ognized in Germany ; Pope Innocent IV. , having attempted 
to wrest the Two Sicilies from the Hohenstaufen, is defeated 
by the regent Manfred, uncle of Conradin. Death of the 
pope, who is succeeded by Alexander IV. 

1256. William of Holland is killed va. a war with the Frisians. 

1257. Alfonso the Wise of Castile and Richard of Cornwall are 

elected to the imperial throne of Germany. 

1258. Enactment of the Provisions of Oxford by the "Mad Parlia- 

ment"; Henry III. is forced to submit to a Council of 

State, with Sunon de Montfort, earl of Leicester, at its head. 
Manfred has himself crowned king of Sicily. 
Venice and Genoa engage in their fii'st great straggle. 
Hulalvu Khan, the Mongol ruler, puts an end to the caliphate 

of Bagdad. 
1260. Ottocar II. of Bohemia vanquishes Bela IV. of Hungary, and 

secures the possession of Styria, 



40 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1261. Michael Palaeologus, emperor of Nicxa, with the aid of the 
Genoese, overthrows the Latin Empire of the East, and 
places the dynasty of the Palaeologi on the Byzantine 
throne. 

1263. Alexander III. of Scotland repels the last invasion of the 

Norwegians, under King Hako. 

1264. Simon de Montfort, at the head of the English harons, defeats 

Henry III. and his brother, Richard of Cornwall, at Lewes, 
and takes them prisoners. 

1265. Simon de Montfort grants representation to the commons in 

Parliament. He is defeated and slain in the battle of 
Evesham. 

1266. Charles of Anjou undertakes the conquest of the Two Sicilies, 

and overwhelms Manfred in a battle near Benevento. 

1267. The Guelphs triumph over the Ghibellines * in Florence. 

1268. Conradin, the last of the Hohenstaufen, attempts to recover 

the Two Sicilies from Chai'les of Anjou, but is defeated and 
captured at Tagliacozzo, and executed. 
Conquest of the Christian principality of Antioch by Bibars, 
sultan of Egypt and Syria. 

1269. Louis IX. publishes the Pragmatic Sanction, which lays the 

foundations of the Galilean Church. 
Ottocar of Bohemia occupies Carinthia. 

1270. Louis IX. engages in a new crusade, m which he is joined by 

Edward, son of Henry HI. , and dies in an expedition against 
Tunis. He is succeeded by his son, Philip III. 

1271. Marco Polo sets out on his travels. 

1272. Prince Edward abandons the Holy Land ; end of the crusades. 

Edward (I.) succeeds his father, Heniy III., on the throne 
of England. 

1273. Rudolph of Hapsburg is elected emperor of Germany. 

1274. Second council of Lyons (fourteenth general council), pre- 

sided over by Gregory X. 
Death of Thomas Aquinas. 

* The name of Ghibellines was given in Italy to the party which favored the 
overlorclship of the emperors of Germany. Their opponents, the Guelphs, con- 
tended for the more complete autonomy of the city republics, supported the papacy, 
and were in a measure a national and democratic party. These appellations came 
into use among the Italians in the first half of the thirteenth century, or at a time 
when little was left of imperial rule in northern Italy ; but, after the emperors had 
completely lost their hold on the peninsula, the names Guelphs and Ghibellines long 
continued the designations of fiercely contending parties. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 41 

1276. Eudolpli of Hapsburg vanquishes Ottocar II. of Bohemia, and 
forces him to give up Austria, Styria, Carinthia, etc. 

1278. Ottocar II., having renewed the war with Rudolph, is de- 
feated and slain on the Marchfeld. 

1280. The Mongols, under Kublai Khan, grandson of Genghis 
Khan, complete the conquest of China. 

1282. Rudolph of Hapsburg invests his sons, Albert and Rudolph, 

with the duchies of Austria, Styria, and Carinthia. (Ca- 
rinthia relinquished by them in favor of Meinhard of Tyrol.) 

Massacre of the French in Palermo (Sicilian Vespers). Sicily 
throws off the yoke of Charles of Anjou, and places herself 
under the rule of Pedro III. of Aragon. 

Formation of the Zuyder Zee by an inundation of the sea. 
1282-1283. Conquest of Wales by Edward I. of England. 

1283. The Teutonic Knights, after a struggle of fifty years, com- 

plete the subjugation of the Prussians. 

1284. The Genoese break the power of the Pisans in the naval bat- 

tle of Meloria. 

1285. Philip IV., the Fair, succeeds his father, Philip III., in France. 
1288-1326. Othman lays the foundations of the Turkish Empire in 

Asia Minor. 

1290. Death of Margaret of Norway, the young queen of Scotland ; 

the succession disputed by John Balliol, Robert Bruce, and 
others. 
Expulsion of the Jews from England. 

1291. Death of Rudolph of Hapsburg. The people of Uri, Schwytz, 

and Unterwalden enter into a defensive alliance, directed 

mainly against his son, Albert. 
Conquest of Acre from the Christians by Malek el-Ashref, 

ruler of Egypt and Syria ; final loss of the Holy Land. 
Death of the Persian poet Saadi. 

1292. Edward I. of England adjudges the crown of Scotland to 

John Balliol. 
Adolphus of Nassau is elected to the throne of Germany. 

1295. Philip the Fair and John Balliol make war on England. 

1296. Edward I. dethrones Balliol. 

Bull of Boniface VIII. (Clericis laicos) against the taxation 
of ecclesiastical property without the consent of the Holy 
See. Philip the Fair I'efuses to submit to it. 

1297. Victory of the Scots, under Wallace, over the English at 

Stirling. 
Successful Invasion of Flanders by the French. 



42 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1298. Edward I. defeats Wallace at Falkirk. 

Albert of Austria, son of Rudolph of Hapsburg, takes up 

arms for the dethronement of the German emperor, Adol- 

phus of Nassau, who falls in battle, and is succeeded by his 

rival. 
Naval victory of the Genoese over the Venetians at Curzola. 
Boniface VIII. wages a successful war against the Colon- 

nas. 

1300. First gi*eat 3u.bilee of the Catholic church; Boniface VIII. 

grants indulgence to all visiting Rome within the year. 

1301. End of the Arpad dynasty in Hungary; the crown becomes 

elective. 

1302. First convocation of the States General in France; repre- 

sentatives of the burghers (Third Estate) are summoned to 
the assembly of the nation in addition to the nobility and 
clergy. 
Rising in Flanders agauist the French. Victory of the Flem- 
ings at Courtrai. 

1303. Arrest of Boniface VIII. at Anagni by order of Philip the 

Fair. Rescue and death of the i)ope. 
The Byzantine emperor Andronicus Palgeologus takes the 
Catalan Grand Company into his service to aid him against 
the Turks. 
1303-1304. Edward I. advances into Scotland, and completes the 
conquest of the kingdom. 

1305. Execution of Wallace. 

1306. Revolt of Scotland \inder Robert Bruce (grandson of Robert 

Bruce, the rival of John Balliol), who is crowned king. 
Extinction of the dynasty of Premysl (Przemysl) in Bohemia. 

1307. Edward II. succeeds his father, Edward I. 
Arrest of the Knights Templars by Philip the Fair. 

1308. The Swiss forcibly resist the tyrannous encroachments of the 

emperor Albert of Hapsburg.* Albert is assassinated by 
John of Austria. Henry VII., of the house of Luxemburg, 
is elected emperor of Germany. 

1309. Removal of the papal court, under Clement V., from Rome 

to Avignon. 
The Knights of St. John conquer Rhodes from the Turks. 

* According to the common tradition, the representatives of Uri, Schwytz, and 
Unterwaldcn met in 1307 on the meadow of Grlitli, and there concluded an alliance, 
which was the basis of the Swiss Confederacy. These cantons, however, had already 
entered into a formal union in 1291, the articles of which have been preserved. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 43 

1310. Henry VII. of Germany undertakes an expedition into Italy 
to restore the imperial authority. John, son of Henry, 
inaugurates the Luxemburg dynasty in Bohemia. 

1311-1312. Council of Vienne (fifteenth general council) ; condem- 
nation of the Knights Templars and Beghards. 

1312. Henry VII. unsuccessfully attaclcs Floi^ence. 

1313. Henry VII. dies in Italy while preparing to subdue Robert 

the Wise of Naples, the champion of the Guelphs. 
1314- Robert Bruce overwhelms the army of Edward II, at Ban- 

nockburn, June 24. 
Burning of Molay, the last grand-master of the Knights 

Templars, with other dignitaries of the order, at Paris. 

Louis X. succeeds his father, Philip IV. 
1314-1322. Contest for the crown of Germany between Louis the 

Bavarian and Frederick the Handsome of Austria. 

1315. The Swiss achieve a great victory over Leopold, brother of 

Frederick the Handsome, at Morgarten, Nov, 

1316. Accession of Philip V. in France. 

1321. Death of Dante. 

1322. Charles IV. succeeds his brother, Philip V., in France. 
Louis the Bavarian triumphs over his rival, Frederick of Aus- 
tria, taking him prisoner in the battle of Miihldorf (or of 
Ampfing). 

1324. Pope John XXII. excommunicates Louis the Bavarian. 

1326. Isabella, queen of Edward II., and Roger Mortimer invade 

England to dethrone the king, who becomes a prisoner. 

1327. Edward II. is deposed by Parliament, and succeeded by his 

son, Edward III. Murder of Edward II. 
1327-1328. Louis the Bavarian marches into Italy, enters Rome, 
and proclaims the deposition of John XXII., but is forced 
to retreat. 

1328. Edward III. recognizes the independence of Scotland. 
Death of Charles IV. of France ; end of the Capetian dynasty, 

Philip VI. inaugurates the dynasty of Valois. 
1330. Orkhan, sultan of the Tui'ks, takes NicEea. 

1332. Edward Balliol invades Scotland to dethrone the young king, 

David Bruce. 

1333. Edward III. invades Scotland, and overtlirows the forces of 

Archibald Douglas, regent for David Bruce, in the battle 
of Halidon Hill. 
Accession of Casimir the Great in Poland. 
1335. Cai'inthia becomes a possession of the house of Austria. 



44 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1336-1355 (close of). Reign of Stephen Dushan in Servia ; the king- 
dom at the height of its power. 

1338. Jacob van Artevelde, the leader of the burghers of Ghent, 

becomes governor of Flanders, its people refusing allegi- 
ance to their ruler, Count Louis I. 
Beginning of the wars of Edward III. against France; the 
king strengthened by alliances in the Low Countries and 
Germany. 

1339. Edward III. makes an unsuccessful campaign against the 

French in Flanders. He assumes the title of king of 
France. 
Simone Boccanera becomes first doge of Genoa. 

1340. Naval victory of the English over the French at Sluys. 

1341. Death of John III. of Brittany. The succession is contested 

by his brother, John of Montfort, and his niece, Jeanne de 
Penthievre, wife of Charles of Blois, the former being sup- 
ported by England, the latter by France. 

1342. Campaign of Edward III. in Brittany. 

1346. Charles of Luxemburg (Charles IV.), son of King John of 

Bohemia, at the instance of Poi)e Clement VI. , is elected 
emperor of Germany in opposition to Louis the Bava- 
rian. 
Victor}^ of Edward III. over Philip VI. of France at Crecy, 
Aug. 26; death of King John of Bohemia; cannon used 
by the English. David Bruce invades England, and is 
vanquished and captured at Neville's Cross. 

1347. Edward III. takes Calais. 

Death of Louis the Bavarian, who is succeeded by Charles 
IV. (The authority of Charles disputed till 1349.) 

Louis the Great of Hungary invades the dominions of Queen 
Joanna I. of Naples to avenge the murder, supposed to 
have been committed by her order, of her husband Andrew, 
brother of Louis. 

Pienzi's revolution in Rome. 

1348. Joanna I. of Naples sells Avignon to the pope. 

Charles IV. founds the University of Prague, the first in 

Germany. 
1348-1351. The "black death" ravages Europe. 
1350. John the Good succeeds his father, Philip VI., in France. 
1352. Naval engagement between the Genoese, under Paganino 

Doria, and the Venetians, Catalans, and Byzantines, under 

Niccolo Pisani, near Constantinople. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 45 

1353. Victory of the Venetians over the Genoese off Sardinia. 

1354. Tyranny of Rienzi in Rome ; his fall and death. 
Paganino Doria overwhelms the Venetian fleet in the Gulf of 

Sapienza. 
A Turkish force seizes Gallipoli ; first beginnings of Turkish 
dominion in Europe. 

1355. Conspiracy of Marino Falieri in Venice. 

1356. The English, under Edward the Black Prince, overwhelm 

John the Good of France and make him prisoner in the 
battle of Poitiei*s, September 19. 
Charles IV. of Germany issues the Golden Bull, defining the 
rights and duties of the imperial electors, the manner of 
electing the emperor, &c. 
1358. Insurrection of the peasantry, known as the Jacquerie, in 
France. 

1360. Treaty of Bretigny between England and France ; King John 

is set at liberty. 

1361. Extinction of the first ducal house of Burgundy. 
Sultan Amurath I. conquers Adrianople. 

1363. John the Good, king of France, confers the duchy of Bur- 

gundy upon his son, Philip the Bold. 
Acquisition of Tyrol by the house of Austria. 

1364. Charles V. succeeds his father, John the Good, in France. 

His general Du Guesclin defeats the English and the 
forces of Charles the Bad of Navarre at Cocherel. The 
English, under Sir John Chandos, vanquish the army of 
Charles of Blois and Du Guesclin at Auray ; Chai'les of 
Blois slain, Du Guesclin made prisoner; Brittany secured 
to the house of Montfort (the succession havmg been dis- 
puted since 1341). 

1365. Du Guesclin takes ux) arms for Henry of Trastamare against 

his brother, Pedro the Cruel of Castile. 
Foundation of the University of Vienna. 

1366. Pedro the Cruel is driven from his throne. 

1366-1369. Tamerlane, the reviver of the great Mongol empire, in- 
augurates his conquests by vanquishing the khan of North- 
ern Khorasan, and taking Balkh. 

1367. Edward the Black Prince, having espoused the cause of 

Pedro the Cruel, dethrones Henry of Trastamare. 

1368. The Ming dynasty in China succeeds the Mongol dynasty. 

1369. Pedro the Cruel falls in battle by the hand of his brother, 

Henry of Trastamare. 



46 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1370. Death of Casimir the Great of Poland ; end of the Piast 

dynasty. He is succeeded by Louis the Great, king of 
Hungary. 

1371. Death of David Bruce. The Stuart dynasty ascends the 

throne of Scotland in the person of Robert II.* 

1374. Death of Petrarch. 

1375. Death of Boccaccio. 

1376. Death of Edward the Black Prince. 

Avignon is given up as the papal residence by Gregory XI. 

1377. Rome again the seat of the papacy. Gregory XI. orders 

proceedings against Wycliffe. 
Richard II. succeeds his grandfather, Edward III. 

1378. Wenceslas succeeds his father, Charles IV., as emperor of 

Germany. 
Pope Urban VI. succeeds Gregory XI. Election of the anti- 
pope Clement VII. ; beginning of the Great Schism. 

1379. The Genoese vanquish the Venetian fleet off Pola, and, under 

the command of Pietro Doria, take Chioggia, and threaten 
Venice. 

1380. Surrender of the Genoese foi'ces at Chioggia, 
Charles VI. succeeds his father, Charles V., in France, 

1381. Wat Tyler's Rebellion in England. 

Charles of Durazzo (Charles the Little; overthrows Joanna I. 
of Nai)les. (The queen put to death, 1383.) 

1382. The people of Ghent, led by Philip van Artevelde, triumph 

in a struggle with their ruler. Count Louis 11. They take 
and plunder Bruges (its burghers having sided with the 
count). Philip van Artevelde is recognized as governor by 
nearly all the communes of Flanders. A French army 
advances to restore Louis, and overwhelms the forces of 
Artevelde, who is slain. 
Death of Louis the Great, king of Hungary and Poland. 

1382-1384. Contest for the throne of Naples between Charles of 
Durazzo and Louis I. of Anjou, terminated by the death 
of the latter. 

1384. Philip the Bold of Burgundy acquires Flanders, Artois, and 
Franche Comte. 
Death of Wycliffe. 

* The accession of the Stuart dynasty is often erroneously placed in the year 
1370. Kobert II. was proclaimed king in the month of February, 1371, or before the 
expiration of 1370 according to the old method of reckoning the beginning of tlie 
year from March 25. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 47 

1385. Invasion of Scotland by Richard II. 

Accession of John the Great in Portugal. He defeats the 
Castilians at Aljubarota. 

1386. Victory of the Swiss over the Austrians at Sempach, July 9. 
Jagellon, grand-prince of Lithuania, by his marriage with 

Hedvig, daughter of Louis the Great of Hungary and 
Poland, becomes king of Poland, founding the Jagellonian 
dynasty. (As sovereign of Poland styled Ladislas II.) 
Foundation of the University of Heidelberg. 
1386-1389. The regency of the duke of Gloucester is imposed upon 
Richard II. 

1387. Sigismund, brother of the emperor Wenceslas, becomes king 

of Hungary. (His queen, Mary, joint ruler till 1395.) 

1388. Battle of Otterburn between the Scots and English ; the earl 

of Douglas slain; Hem*y Percy taken prisoner by the 
Scots. 

1389. The army of Sultan Amurath I. breaks the power of Servia 

in the battle of Kosovo. Amurath is slain on the field of 
battle, and is succeeded by his son, Bajazet I. 
Pope Boniface IX. succeeds Urban VI. 

1390. Accession of Robert III. in Scotland. 

1394. Death of Clement VII., antipope, at Avignon. Antipope 

Benedict XIII. is elected to succeed him. 

1395. The emperor Wenceslas erects Milan into a hereditary duchy 

for Giovanni Galeazzo Visconti. 

1396. Victory of Bajazet I. over Sigismund, king of Hungary, at 

Nicopolis, Sept. 28. 

1397. Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, under the rule of Queen 

Margaret, enter into the Union of Calmar, the crowns of 
the three kingdoms to remain united under one sovereign. 

1399. Deposition of Richard II. Henry IV. inaugurates the line 

of Lancaster. 
A long contest for the possession of Naples between Ladislas, 
son of Charles of Durazzo, and Louis II. of Anjou ends in 
the triumph of Ladislas. 

1400. Owen Glen dower heads a great revolt of the Welsh. 
Deposition of the emperor Wenceslas. Rupert of the Pala- 
tinate is elected to the German throne. 

Death of Chaucer. 

1401. The burning of Lollards is ordained by Parliament. 

1402. Victoiy of the Percys over the Scots at Homildon Hill. 
Defeat and capture of Bajazet by Tamei'lane at Angora. 



48 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1403. Henry IV. vanquislies the Percys, allies of Owen Glendower, 

at Shrewsbury, July ; death of Henry Hotspur. 

1404. Pope Innocent VII. succeeds Boniface IX. 

1405. Prince James Stuart, heir to the throne of Scotland, becomes 

a prisoner of the English. 
Conquest of Verona and Padua by Venice. 

1406. Death of Robert III. of Scotland; the duke of Albany re- 

gent. 
Pisa is forced to svibmit to Florence. 
Pope Gregory XII. succeeds Innocent VII. 

1407. Assassination of Louis, duke of Orleans, by John the Fear- 

less, duke of Burgundy. 

1409. Council of Pisa ; deposition of Gregory XII. and Benedict 

XIII. ; accession of Pope Alexander V. 
Foundation of the University of Leipsic. 

1410. Death of the German emperor Rupert of the Palatinate. 
Jagellon (Ladislas II.), king of Poland, defeats the Teutonic 

Knights near Tannenberg. 
Pope John XXIII. succeeds Alexander V. 

1411. Sigismund is elected emperor of Germany. 
Foundation of the University of St. Andrews. 

1413. Henry V. succeeds his father, Henry IV., in England. 
Ladislas of Naples takes Rome. 

1414. Opening of the council of Constance. 
Joanna II. succeeds Ladislas in Naples. 

1415. Victory of Henry V. over the French at Agincourt, Oct. 25. 
Deposition of John XXIII. by the council of Constance. 

Burning of John Huss. 
The house of Hohenzollern acquires Brandenburg. 
John the Great of Portugal conquers Ceuta. 

1416. Burning of Jerome of Prague. i 

1417. Burning of Oldcastle as a heretic. 

Martin V. is elected pope by the council of Constance. 

1418. Closing of the council of Constance. 

Massacre in Paris of the adherents of the faction of the 
Armagnacs by the partisans of John the Fearless of Bur- 
gundy. 

1419. Murder of John the Feai'less by the dauphin Charles. 
Beginning of the Hussite wars with the storming of the town- 
hall of Prague by the Hussites. Death of Wenceslas. 

The Portuguese, sailing under the auspices of Henry the 
Navigator, reach Madeira. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL EISTORY. 49 

1420. Treaty of Troyes, securing to Henry V. tlie succession to the 
French, throne. Henry enters Paris. 

Crusade against the Hussites, who are victorious under John 
Ziska. 

Louis III. of Anjou attacks Joanna II. of Naples, who sum- 
mons Alfonso V. of Aragon to her aid. 

1422. Death of Henry V. of England and Charles VI. of France. 

Henry is succeeded hy his infant son, Henry VI., who is 
proclaimed king of France ; his uncles, the dukes of Glou- 
cester and Bedford, regents, respectively, in England and 
France. The French proclaim Charles VII., son of Chai'les 
VI., their king. 
Siege of Constantinople by Amurath II. 

1423. The house of Wettin is invested with the electorate of Saxony 

in the person of Frederick the Warlike, margrave of Misnia. 

1424. James I., released by the English, assumes the government 

of Scotland. 
Procopius the Great succeeds Ziska as leader of the section of 

the Hussites called Taborites. 
Election of the antipo^je Clement VIII. 

1425. Accession of the Byzantine emperor John Palseologus II. 

1426. Victoiy of the Hussites at Aussig. 

1427. Victory of the Hussites at Mies. 

1428. The English besiege Orleans. 

1429. Joan of Arc raises the siege of Orleans, ]\Iay. Coronation of 

Charles VII. at Rheims. 
The abdication of Clement VIII. terminates the Great Schism. 
1429-1430. The Hussites ravage Saxony, Franconia, and Bavaria. 

1431. Burning of Joan of Arc, May. Henry VI. is crowned in 

Paris, Dec. 

Pope Eugenius IV. succeeds Martin V. Opening of the coun- 
cil of Basel. 

Victory of the Hussites at Taus. 

1432. The Portuguese take possession of the Azores. 

1433. The council of Basel makes a compromise with the section of 

the Hussites called Calixtines {compactata of Prague). 

1434. The Taborites are vanquished by the Calixtines at Bohmisch- 

Brod ; Procopius the Great and Procopius the Small slain. 
Triumph of the i^arty of Cosmo de' Medici in Florence. 

1435. Treaty of Arras between France and Burgundy. Death of 

Bedford. 

1436. The French recover Paris. 



50 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1436. Treaty of Iglau ; settlement effected between the Hussites and 

Sigismund, wlio is recognized as king of Bohemia. 

1437. Death of Sigismund ; end of the Luxemburg dynasty in the 

German Empire and Bohemia. 

Murder of James I. of Scotland; his son, James II., suc- 
ceeds, 

Eugenius IV. ordei-s the dissolution of the council of Basel. 

1438. Election of the Emperor Albert II., of the house of Haps- 

burg. 
Council of Ferrara. 

Pragmatic Sanction of Charles VII., securing the liberties of 
the Galilean Church. 
1438 (about). Gutenberg begins to practice printing with movable 
type. 

1439. Death of Albert II. 

The council of Florence decrees the union of the Greek and 
Latin churches. The schismatic council of Basel x>roclaims 
Amadeus VIII. of Savoy pope, as Felix V., in place of 
Eugenius IV. 

The States General of France vote a standing army. 

1440. Election of the emperor Frederick III. of Germany. 

1442. Alfonso V. of Aragon becomes master of the kingdom of 

Naples, dispossessing his rival, Eene the Good of Anjou. 

1443. Scanderbeg heads a rising of the Albanians against the Turks. 

1444. Sultan Amurath II. overwhelms the Hungarian army, com- 

manded by King Ladislas (also king of Poland) and John 
Hunyady, at Varna; death of Ladislas. 
The Portuguese engage in the African slave-trade. 

1445. Marriage of Henry VI. with Margaret of Anjou, daughter of 

Eene the Good. 
1447. Pope Nicholas V. succeeds Eugenius IV. 

End of the Visconti dynasty in Milan. 
1449-1450. Reconquest of Normandy by the French. 

1450. Jack Cade's insurrection in England. 

Establishment of the ducal house of Sforza in Milan by Fran- 
cesco Sforza. 

1451. The French conquer Guienne from the English. 

1452. Murder of the insubordinate earl of Douglas by James II. 

1453. Conquest of Constantinople by Mohammed II., May 29; 

death of Constantine XIII., and end of the Eastern Em- 
pire. 
Victory of the French over the English at Castillon ; end of 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 51 

the so-called Hundred Years' "War between the two nations ; 
the English conquests lost, all but Calais. 

1454. The duke of York is named protector of England. 

1455. Beginning of the contest for the throne of England between 

the houses of York and Lancaster known as the Wai^s of 
the Eoses. Victory of the Yorkists at St. Albans, May. 
Pope Calixtus III. succeeds Nicholas V. 

1456. Victory of Hunyady over the Turks at Belgrade. Conquest 

of Athens by the Turks. 
1458. Matthias Coi-vinus becomes king of Hungary ; George Podie- 
brad, of Bohemia. 
Pope Pius II. (^neas Sylvius Piccolomini) succeeds Calix- 
tus HI. 
Death of Alfonso V. of Aragon; his brother John II., king of 
Navarre, succeeds in Aragon and Sicily ; his illegitimate 
son Ferdinand I. , in Naples. 

1460. James II. of Scotland, having taken up arms against the 

English, is accidentally killed before Roxburgh ; accession 
of his son, James III. Battle of Wakefield, Dec. 31; the 
duke of York overthrown by the amiy of Queen Margaret. 
The Turks masters of nearly the whole of Greece. 

1461. Defeat of the Yorkists in the second battle of St. Albans, 

Feb. 17. Edward IV. is proclaimed king in London, 
March. Victory of the Yorkists at Towton, March 29. 

Louis XI. succeeds his father, Charles VII., in France. 

The Turks put an end to the empire of Trebizond. 

1462. Accession of Ivan the Great in Russia. 

1464. Queen Margaret invades England. Her adherents are de- 

feated at Hexham, May 15. 
Pius II. endea vol's to organize a crusade against the Turks ; 
he dies at Ancona ; election of Paul II. 

1465. Henry VI. of England is thrown into the Tower. 

War between Louis XL and the League of the Public Good. 
Treaty of Conflans. 

1466. Treaty of Thorn between Casimir IV. of Poland and the 

Teutonic Knights, who cede West Prussia, and retain East 
Prussia as a fief of Poland. 

1467. Charles the Bold succeeds his father, Philip the Good, as 

duke of Burgundy. 

1468. Conference of Louis XL and Charles the Bold at Peronne. 

1469. Marriage of Prince Ferdinand of Aragon with Princess Isa- 

bella of Castile. 
5 



52 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1469. Lorenzo tlie Magnificent becomes the head of the Florentme 

state. 

1470. Henry VI. is restored by the earl of Warwick. 

1471. Edward IV. re-enters England. Defeat of the Lancastrians 

at Barnet, April 14 ; Warwick slain. The Lancastrians are 
vanquished at Tewkesbury, May 4. Death of Henry VI. 

Charles the Bold makes war on France ; truce. 

Pope Sixtus IV. succeeds Paul II. 

1472. Charles the Bold ravages Normandy. 

1473-1477. Successes of Louis XL in his war on the feudal princes. 
Ruin of the house of Armagnac and other noble houses. 

1474. Isabella and Ferdinand ascend the throne of Castile. 

1475. Expedition of Edward IV. against France ; he concludes 

peace. Charles the Bold occupies Lorraine. 
The Crimea is made subject to the Turks. 

1476. Charles the Bold attacks the Swiss, and is vanquished at 

Granson, March 3, and at Morat, June 22. 

1477. Charles the Bold is overwhelmed by Rene of Lorraine and 

his Swiss mercenaries at Nancy, and falls in the battle, 
Jan. 5. The duchy of Burgundy is seized by Louis XL 
The Netherlands and Franche Comte remain in possession 
of Mary of Burgundy, daughter of Charles the Bold. Mar- 
riage of Mary with Maximilian of Austria. Successes of 
the French in Picardy, ArtoLs, Hainaut, and Flanders. 

1478. Edward IV. puts to death his brother, the duke of Clarence. 
Conspii'acy of the Pazzi against the life of Lorenzo de' Me- 
dici. 

Mohammed II. completes the subjugation of Albania. 

1479. Maximilian defeats the French at Gumegate, Aug. 
Accession of Ferdinand the Catholic in Aragon ; union of 

Castile and Aragon. 

1480. Death of Rene the Good of Anjou; Louis XI. annexes the 

duchy to France. 
Establishment of the Inqu.isition in Spain. 
Mohammed II. imsuccessfully attacks Rhodes. The Turks 

storm Otranto. 
Emancipation of Russia from Mongol overlorcLship. 

1481. Provence is annexed to France. 

Sultan Bajazet II. succeeds Mohammed II. Otranto is re- 
taken from the Turks. 

1482. Ferdmand and Isabella enter upon a war for the conquest of 

the kingdom of Granada. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 53 

1482. Death of Mary of Burgundy. Treaty of Arras between Maxi- 

milian and Louis XI. 

1483. Death of Edward IV. of England. His brother, Richard III., 

takes possession of the throne. 
Charles VIII. succeeds his father, Louis XL, in France. 

1484. Pope Innocent VIII. succeeds Sixtus IV. 

1485. Richard III. is vanquished at Bosworth by the earl of Rich- 

mond (Henry VII.), Aug. 22, and is slain in the battle; 
end of the Wars of the Roses and of the Plantagenet dy- 
nasty ; Henry VII. inaugurates the Tudor dynasty. 
Matthias Corvinus, king of Hungary, takes Vienna. 

1486. Marriage of Henry VII. with Elizabeth of York, daughter of 

Edward IV. ; union of the houses of York and Lancaster. 
1486-1487. Voyage of Bartholomeu Dias to the southern extremity 
of Africa ; he discovers the Cape of Good Hope. 

1487. Attempt of the pretender Lambei't Simnel to gain the Eng- 

lish throne. 

1488. The regent Anne de Beaujeu, sister of Charles VIII. , van- 

quishes the supporters of Louis, duke of Orleans, who is 
captured and imprisoned. 
James III. of Scotland is defeated and killed in the struggle 
with the nobles ; accession of his son, James IV. 

1491. Union of Brittany with France by the marriage of Charles 

VIII. with the duchess Anne. 

1492. Ferdinand and Isabella enter Granada, Jan. ; end of the 

Moorish dominion in Spain. Expulsion of the Jews from 

the Spanish dominions. 
Columbus lands in America, Oct. 12. Discovery of Cuba and 

Hayti (Hisi)aniola). 
Henry VII. invades France. Treaty of Etaples. 
Death of Lorenzo the Magnificent. 
Pope Alexander VI. succeeds Innocent VIII. 

1493. Treaty of Senlis between Charles VIII. and Maximilian. 
Death of Fredeiick III. of Germany ; accession of his son, 

Maximilian I. 
Columbus returns to Spain, leaving a garrison in Hispaniola. 
He sails on his second voyage. Discovery of Porto Rico. 

1494. Charles VIII. of France marches into Italy to conquer the 

kingdom of Naples. Expulsion of the Medici from Flor- 
ence ; iJopular government restored by Savonarola ; Pisa 
independent of Florence. 
Discovery of Jamaica. 



54 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1495. Conquest of Naples by Charles YIII. A league is fonned 

against him by Pope Alexander VI., Venice, Maximilian, 
Ferdinand of Aragon, and Ludovico Sforza, duke of Milan. 
Eetreat of Charles VIII. to France. Ferdinand II. of 
Naples recovers his throne. 
Establishment of the Imperial Chamber by Maximilian. 

1496. Marriage of Philip, son of Maximilian, with Joan, daughter 

of Ferdinand and Isabella. 

1497. Perkin Warbeck, pretender to the throne of England, raises 

an army in Cornwall. He is made prisoner. (Executed, 

1499.) 
John Cabot discovers the mainland of Amei'ica. 
Vasco da Gama doubles the Cape of Good Hope. 

1498. Louis XII. (duke of Orleans) succeeds Charles VIII. iu 

France. 
Savonarola is put to death by the people of Florence. 
Third voyage of Columbus ; he reaches the mainland of South 

America. 
Sebastian Cabot undertakes a voyage in search of a northwest 

passage to China. 
Vasco da Gama lands in India. 

1499. The French conquer the duchy of Milan. 

Maximilian is unsuccessful in a war against the Swiss, who 

become virtually independent of the German Emjoire. 
Ojeda and Vespucci sail along the coast of South America, 

1500. Ludovico Sforza recovers Milan. He is betrayed to the 

French. 
Vicente Yanez Pinzon discovers the coast of Brazil. Cabral 
lands there, and takes possession of the country for Por- 
tugal. 
1500-1501. Cesare Borgia, son of Pope Alexander VI. , nmkes him- 
self master of Pesaro, Rimini, and Faenza, and is named 
duke of Romagna. 

1501. Conquest of Naples by Louis XII. and Ferdmand of Ai^agon, 
Establishment of the Aulic Council by Maximilian I. 
Columbus is sent in chains to Spain by the governor of His- 

paniola. 

1502. Outbreak of war between France and Spain in Italy. 
Bloody excesses of Cesare Borgia at Sinigaglia. 
Columbus sets out on liis fourth voyage. 

Foundation of the University of Wittenberg by Frederick the 
Wise, elector of Saxony. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 55 

1503. Marriage of James FV. of Scotland with Margaret Tudor, 

daughter of Henry VII. 
Gonsalvo de C6rdova defeats the army of the duke of Nemoiii^ 

at Cei'ignola, April 28. Defeat of the French in the battle 

of the Garigliano, Dec. ; the Spaniards masters of the 

kingdom of Naples. 
Death of Pope Alexander VI. Cesare Borgia is driven from 

Rome. Election of Pius III. He is succeeded by Julius 11. 

1504. The Lordship of the Isles is broken up by James IV. 
Death of Queen Isabella of Castile, Nov. 2Q. 

Baber becomes master of Cabool. 

1505. Basil (Vasili) IV. succeeds his father, Ivan the Great, in 

Russia. 

1506. Death of Philip I. of Castile, which is governed by Ferdinand 

as regent for Joan the Mad. 
The Portuguese discover Madagascar. 
The rebuilding of St. Peter's is begun by Julius II. 
Death of Columbus. 

1508. League of Cambrai against Venice, formed by Maximil- 

ian I., Julius II., Louis XII., and Ferdinand of Aragon, 
Dec. 
Michel Angelo undertakes the task of decorating the Sistine 
chapel. 

1509. Henry VIH. succeeds his father, Henry VII., in England, 

April. He marries Catharine of Aragon, daughter of Fer- 
dinand and Isabella. 

Victory of the French over the forces of the Venetians at 
Agnadello, May. 

The Florentines regain Pisa. 

Taking of Oran by the Spaniards, under Cardinal Ximenes 
and Navarro. 

Subjugation of Porto Rico by Ponce de Leon. 

1510. Albuquerque, the Portuguese governor of the Indies, takes 

Goa. 

1511. Julius II. forms the Holy League against France with Spain 

and Venice. Accession of Henry VIII. to the league. 
The Spaniards, under Velasquez, subdue Cuba. 
The Portuguese take Malacca. 

1512. Victory of the French at Ravenna, April 11 ; death of their 

general, Gaston de Foix. The French evacuate Lombardy ; 
the Sforza dynasty restored in Milan. 
Conquest of Spanish Navarre by Ferdinand of Aragon. 



56 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1512. Restoration of the Medici in Floi^ence. 

Julius II. opens the fifth council of the Lateran. 
Sultan Selim I. succeeds Bajazet II. 
Ponce de Leon lands in Florida. 

1513. Henry VIII., in alliance with the emperor Maximilian, in- 

vades France. Defeat of the French at Guinegate ("Battle 
of the Spurs"), Aug. 16. The English take Terouanne and 
Tournai. 

James IV. of Scotland undertakes an invasion of England ; 
the Scots are overwhelmed by the English at Flodden 
Field, Sept. 9 ; the king slain. Accession of his son, James 
V. , imder the regency of Queen Margaret. 

Death of Pope Julius II., Feb. Leo X. is elected his suc- 
cessor, March. The French, ixnder La Tremouille, are de- 
feated by the Swiss at Novara, June 6, and driven from the 
field in Italy. 

Christian II. of Denmark succeeds his father, John. 

Balboa discovers the Pacific Ocean from the Isthmus of 
Panama. 

1514. Truce between France and Spain. 

Henry VHI. concludes i)eace with France and Scotland. 

1515. Wolsey is appointed chancellor by Henry VIH., Dec. 

The duke of Albany assumes the regency in Scotland. 

Francis I. succeeds Louis XII. in France, Jan. 1. He in- 
vades Italy. Battle of Marignano, Sept. 13, 14; Francis, 
with the aid of the Venetians, overwhelms the Swiss al- 
lies of the duke of Milan. The French become masters 
of Lombardy. 

1516. Death of Ferdinand the Catholic of Spain, Jan. 23 ; his grand- 

son, Charles of Hapsburg, his successor. Treaty of Noyon 

between Charles and Francis I. 
Concordat between Francis I. and Leo X. Conclusion of the 

agreement known as the ' ' Perpetual Peace " between France 

and the Swiss. 
The corsair Barbarossa (Horuk) becomes master of Algiers. 
Publication of Ariosto's " Orlando furioso." 

1517. Closing of the fifth council of the Lateran. Leo X. author- 

izes the sale of indulgences. 

Luther publishes his Theses at Wittenberg, Oct. 31; begin- 
ning of the Reformation. 

Selini I. overthrows the sovereignty of the Mamelukes, and 
annexes Egypt to the Ottoman Emj^ire. 



CHKONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 57 

1518. Luther appeals to a general council. Zwingli begins the Swiss 

Reformation. 
Barbarossa (Horuk) is slain by the Spaniai'ds. 

1519. Death of the emperor Maximilian I. His grandson, Charles 

I. of Spain — his successor, jointly with Ferdinand, brother 
of Charles, in his hereditary dominions — is elected em- 
peror, as Charles V., June 28. The German Empire, Spain, 
the Netherlands, the Two Sicilies, Sardinia, and the Span- 
ish Indies united under one sovereignty. 

Deposition of Ulrich, duke of Wiirtemberg, by the Swabiau 
Leagiie. 

First entry of Cortes into the city of Mexico. 

Death of Leonardo da Vinci. 

1520. Meeting of Henry VIII. and Francis I. on the Field of the 

Cloth of Gold (near Guines, France). 
Insurrection of the Castilian cities under Padilla. 
Bull of Leo X. against Luther, who burns it. 
Successful invasion of Sweden by Christian II. of Denmark. 

The Swedish administrator, Sten Sture, is mortally wounded 

at Bogesund. Christian is acknowledged king. Execution 

of nobles at Stockholm. 
Sultan Solyman the Magnificent succeeds Selim I. 
Magellan sails through the straits separating Patagonia from 

Tierra del Fuego. 
Death of Raphael. 

1521. Beginning of the wars between Francis I. and Charles V. The 

French unsuccessfully invade Navarre. Invasion of France 

from the north. The French lose Milan. 
Treaty of Bruges between Henry VIII. and Charles V. 
Overthrow and execution of Padilla. 
Charles V. relmquishes to his brother, Ferdinand, the sole 

sovereignty over the principal portion of the hereditary 

Austrian states. (The remainder added in 1522.) 
Luther before the Diet of Worms. He is secreted in the 

Wartburg. 
Anabaptist gathering at Zwickau, 
Rising of the Swedes against Denmark under Gustavus Vasa^ 

who is appointed administrator by the states. 
Death of Pope Leo X. , Dec. 
Solyman the Magnificent takes Belgrade. 
Conquest of Mexico by Cortes, who reduces the capital after a 

long siesre. 



58 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1521. Magellan reaches the Ladrones and Philippines ; he is slain 

on an island of the latter group. 

1522. The forces of Charles V., under Prospero Colonna, defeat the 

French, under Lautrec, at La Bicocca, April. The English 

invade France. 
Election of Pope Adrian VI. 
Conquest of Rhodes hy Solyman the Magnificent from the 

Knights of St. John. 
One of Magellan's ships completes the circumnavigation of 

the globe. 

1523. Invasion of France by the forces of Cliarles V. and Henry 

VIII. The French invade Italy. 

Invasion of Scotland by the English, under the earl of Surrey. 

Gustavus Vasa becomes king of Sweden. 

Christian II. of Denmark is diuven from his throne by his sub- 
jects. He is succeeded by Frederick I. (duke of Schleswig- 
Holstein). 

Pope Clement VII. succeeds Adrian VI. 

1524. The chevalier Bayard falls in the battle of the Sesia. Inva- 

sion of Provence by the Imperialist general, the consta- 
ble de Bourbon (previously in the service of Francis I.). 
Francis I. invades Italy, occupies Milan, and besieges 
Pavia. 
Outbreak of the Peasants' War in Germany. 

1525. Francis I. is defeated by the Imperialists at Pavia and made 

prisoner, Feb. 24 ; his mother, Louisa of Savoy, regent in 
France. Treaty of alliance between France and England. 

The army of Thomas Miuizer is annihilated at Frankenhau- 
sen, May 15 ; end of the Peasants' War. 

Albert of Brandenburg, grand-master of the Teutonic Knights, 
converts their realm of East Prussia into a hereditary prin- 
cipality (Protestant), the duchy of Prussia, for which he 
does homage to Sigismund I., king of Poland. 

1526. Treaty of Madrid between Charles V. and Francis I., Jan. 14. 

Francis is liberated, and prepares to renew the struggle. 
The Hungarians are overwhelmed at Mohacs by Solyman the 
Magnificent, Aug. 29 ; death of Louis II. The Turks oc- 
cupy Buda. Withdrawal of their forces. Ferdinand of 
Hapsburg, brother of the emperor Charles V., is chosen 
successor to Louis in Bohemia. John Zapolya, waywode 
of Transylvania, is elected king of Hungary by the national 
party. A part of the nobles elect Ferdinand of Hapsburg. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UXIVEESAL HISTORY. 59 

1526. Baber conquers Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi at Panipixt, and founds 

the Mogul dynasty of India. 

1527. Storming and pillage of Rome by the troops of the constable 

de Bourbon, May ; Bourbon killed in the assault. Captivity 

of Clement YII. 
Expulsion of the Medici from Florence. 
Death of Machiavelli. 

1528. Francis I. and Henry VIII. declare war against Charles V. 

Andrea Doria delivei-s Genoa from the yoke of the French. 

The earl of Angus, after tyrannizing over Scotland for two 
years, is driven from the kingdom ; overthrow of the Doug- 
lases. 

Death of Albert Diii-er. 

1529. Fall of Cardinal Wolsey. 

The German Reformers present their Protest at the Diet of 
Spire, April 19. 

Peace of Cambrai between Francis I. and Charles V., Aug. 
5. Francis abandons Italy to the emperor, and renounces 
all claims to suzerainty over Flanders and Artois; he is 
recognized in the possession of the duchy of Burgundy. 

Charles V. and Clement VII. unite to restore the rule of the 
Medici in Florence. The city is besieged. 

Buda (occupied by Ferdinand of Hapsburg in 1527) again falls 
into the hands of the Turks. Solyman unsuccessfully be- 
sieges Vienna. He establishes the authority of Zapolya in 
Hungary. 

Establishment of Lutheranism as the state church of Sweden 
by the Diet of Orebro. 

Conference of Marburg between the followers of Luther and 
Zwingli. 

1530. Charles V. is crowned by Pope Clement VII. at Bologna as 

king of Lombardy and emperor of the Romans. (The last 
coronation of a German emperor by the pope.) 

The Protestants present their Confession at the Diet of Augs- 
burg. 

Fall of Florence ; restoration of the Medici. 

The Knights of St. John receive Malta from Charles V. 

1531. League of Smalcald between the Protestant states of Ger- 

many. 
Defeat of the army of Zurich by the Swiss Catholics at Kap- 

pel, Oct. 11 ; Zwingli slain. 
The deposed king Christian II. makes a descent on Norway. 



60 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1531-1533. Conquest of Peru by Pizarro, 

1532. The Turks threaten Vienna. Charles V. is forced to grant 

the relig-ious peace of Nuremberg'. 
Alessandro de' Medici (Alessandro il Moro) is made duke of 

Florence. 
Christian II. becomes a prisoner of his former Danish subjects. 

1533. The marriage of Henry VIII. with Catharine of Aragon is 

declared null and void by Cranmer. Coronation of Anne 
Boleyn. 

Heniy, son of Francis I. , marries Catharine de' Medici. 

Calvin is forced to flee from Paris. 

Dissolution of the Great Swabian League. 

Death of Frederick I. of Denmark. 

Ivan IV., the Terrible, succeeds his father, Basil TV., in Rus- 
sia. 

1534. England throws off the papal authority ; passage of the Act 

of Suj)remacy. 

Pope Paul III. succeeds Clement VII. 

The Anabaj)tists, led by John of Leyden and others, establish 
their disorderly reign in Miinster. 

Ulrich, the deposed duke of Wiirtemberg, recovers his throne. 

The duke of Savoy and the bishop of Geneva make an un- 
successful attempt to re-establish their authority over that 
city, which, from having been semi-independent, is hence- 
forth free. 

Luther completes his translation of the Bible. 

Death of Correggio. 

1535. Henry VIII. assumes the title of Supreme Head of the Church. 

Execution of Sir Thomas More. 

Francis I. occupies the dominions of the duke of Savoy, the 
ally of Charles V. 

Expedition of Charles V. against Tunis. He defeats Barba- 
rossa (Kliair-ed-Din), and makes himself master of the city. 

End of the Sforza dynasty in Milan ; the duchy taken pos- 
session of by Charles V. 

Fall of the Anabaptists at Miinster. 

Foundation of Lima and Buenos Ayres. 

Jacques Cartier ascends the river St. Lawrence. 

1536. Execution of Anne Boleyn. Henry VIII. marries Jane Sey- 

mour. Incorporation of Wales with England. Dissolu- 
tion of the lesser monasteries in England. 
Charles V. invades Provence. 



CHEONOLOeiCAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 61 

1536. The Bernese widest the Pays de Vaud from Savoy. 
Christian III. takes Copenhagen, and becomes master of Den- 
mark. He abolishes the Catholic chvirch in his dominions. 

Calvin publishes his " Institutes of the Christian Religion." 

He makes his appearance in Geneva. 
Death of Erasmus. 

1537. Death of Jane Seymour. 

Murder of Alessandro de' Medici, duke of Florence. 

1538. Truce of Nice between Francis I. and Charles V. ; the duke 

of Savoy left stripped of nearly all his dominions. 
Expulsion of Calvin from Geneva. 
Marriage of James V. of Scotland with Mary of Guise. 

1539. Dissolution of the greater monasteries in England. Parlia- 

ment passes the Statute of the Six Articles for the regulation 
of the church. 

1540. Henry VIII. marries Anne of Cleves. He divorces her, and 

marries Catharine Howard. Execution of Thomas Crom- 
well. 

Charles V. reduces the rebellious city of Ghent, and destroys 
its liberties. 

Bull of Paul III. sanctioning the order of Jesuits, founded by 
Loyola. 

Death of John Zapolya. 

1541. Unsuccessful expedition of Charles V. against Algiers. 
Solyman the Magnificent overruns Hmigary. 
Return of Calvin to Geneva. 

The expedition of De Soto reaches the Mississippi River. 

1542. Henry VIII. assumes the title of king of Ireland. Execution 

of Catharine Howard. The English invade Scotland, and 
are victorious at Solway Moss, Nov. Death of James V., 
Dec. Accession of his infant daughter, Mary, under the 
regency of the earl of Arran. 
Renewal of the struggle between Francis I. and Charles V. 

1543. Henry VIII. enters into an alliance with Charles V. against 

France. Marriage of Henry VIII. with Catharine Parr. 
Death of Copernicus and of Holbein. 

1544. The English, under the earl of Hertford, invade Scotland, 

and burn Edinburgh. 
Victory of the French over the Imperialists at Ceresole, April. 
Charles V. advances into Champagne. The English invade 
France, and take Boulogne. Treaty of Crespy between 
Francis I. and Charles V. 



62 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1544. Albert, duke of Prussia, founds the University of Konigs- 

berg. 

1545. Opening of the council of Trent. 

Erection of Parma and Piacenza into duchies by Pope Paul 

III. for his son. Pier Luigi Farnese. 
Massacre of the Vaudois in France. 
Discovery of the silver mines of Potosi by the Spaniards. 

1546. George Wishai't is burned as a heretic by order of Cardinal 

Beaton, primate of Scotland. Assassination of Beaton, 
Death of Luther. 
Beginning of the War of the Smalcald League between 

Charles V. and the Protestant princes of Germany. 
Death of Giulio Romano. 

1547. Edward VI. succeeds his father, Henry VIII. , in England, 

Jan. 28 ; the duke of Somerset (earl of Hertford) protector 
of the realm. Victory of the protector over the Scots at 
Pinkie, Sept. 10. 

Henry II. succeeds his father, Francis I., in France, March 31. 

The War of the Smalcald League ends in the victory of Charles 
V. over the Protestants at Miililberg, April 24 ; John Fred- 
eric, elector of Saxony, is made prisoner ; the principal 
part of his electorate passes to Maurice, duke of Saxony, of 
the Albertine line. Imprisonment of Philip, landgrave of 
Hesse. 

Conspiracy of Fiesco at Genoa against Andrea Doria ; acci- 
dental death of Fiesco. 

1548. Publication of the Augsburg Interim, fixing the degree of 

toleration in Germany, pending the decision of the coun- 
cil of Trent. 
Marriage of Jeanne dAlbret, daughter of Henry II. of Na- 
varre, with Antoine de Bourbon. 

1549. The Act of Uniformity, regulating public worship, is passed 

in England; adoption of the Book of Common Prayer. 
Henry II. attempts to retake Boulogne from the English. 
Charles V. formally unites the Netherlands with the Spanish 

crown. 
Death of Pope Paul HI. 

1550. England concludes peace with France and Scotland; Bou- 

logne is restored to the French. 
The Inquisition in the Netherlands. 
Election of Pope Julius III. 

1551. Maurice of Saxony takes Magdeburg after a long siege. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 63 

1552. Execution of the duke of Somerset, Jan. Adoption of the 

Forty-two Articles of the Church of England. (Subse- 
quently reduced to the Thirty-nine Articles.) 

Maurice of Saxony, having allied himself with France, makes 
war on Charles V. in behalf of the Protestants. The em- 
, peror is forced to the peace of Passau, Aug. 2, which estab- 
lishes the liberties of the Lutherans. 

Henry II. of France seizes the bishoprics of Metz, Toul, and 
Verdun. 

Ivan the Terrible of Russia subjugates the Tartare of Kazan. 

1553. Death of Edward VI. of England, July 6; he is succeeded 

by his sister, Mary. 

The duke of Northumberland unsuccessfully attempts to 
place his daughter-in-law, Lady Jane Grey, upon the 
throne. 

Charles V. is forced to raise the siege of Metz after a gallant 
defence by Francis, duke of Guise. 

Maurice of Saxony defeats Albert (Albert Alcibiades) of Bran- 
denburg at Sievershausen, and is mortally wounded in the 
battle. 

Burning of Servetus at Geneva, with the sanction of Calvin. 

Death of Rabelais. 

1554. Wyatt's rebellion in England. Execution of Lady Jane Grey, 

Feb. 12. Queen Mary marries Philip of Spain, just invested 
by his father, Charles V. , with the sovereignty of Naples 
and Sicily. 

The earl of Arran resigns the regency of Scotland, and is suc- 
ceeded by Mary of Guise, mother of Mary Stuart. 

Conquest of Astrakhan by Ivan the Terrible. 

1555. Burning of Ridley and Latimer. 

Religious i^eace of Augsburg between the Catholic and Lu- 
theran parties in Germany ; the individual members of the 
Germanic body to enjoy the right of prescribing the form 
of worship within their limits ; the Calvinists not included 
in the peace.* 

Charles V. resigns the sovereignty of the Netherlands to his 
son, Philip II. 

Death of Pope Julius III. Election of Paul IV. 

1556. Burning of Cranmer. 

* The peace of Augsburg only secured the liberties of the Lutheran church as 
against the Catholics, but did not provide for toleration. 



64 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1556. Charles V. resigns Spain and the rest of her dependencies to 

his son, Philip II., already invested with the Netherlands, 

Naples, Sicily, and Milan. 
Charles V. abdicates the imperial crown of Germany in favor 

of his brother, Ferdinand I. 
Accession of the Mognl emj)eror Akbar. 

1557. Victory of the forces of Philip II., under Emanuel Philibert, 

duke of Savoy, over the French, under the constable de 
Montmorency, at St. Quentin, Aug. 10. 

1558. Taking of Calais by the duke of Guise, Jan. ; the English lose 

their last foothold in France. Queen Elizabeth succeeds her 

sister, Mary, Nov. 17. 
Marriage of Mary Stuart with Francis, dauphin of France, 

April 24. 
Victory of the Spaniards, under Egmont, over the French at 

Gravelines, July 13. Death of Charles V., Sept. 21. 
Ivan the Terrible makes war on the Knights Swordbearers. 

1559. Passage of a new Act of Sujoremacy in England ; Protestant- 

ism firmly established. 

Peace of Cateau-Cambresis between France, Spain, and Eng- 
land ; by its terms Emanuel Philibert of Savoy recovers a 
great portion of the dominions of his house. 

Francis II. succeeds his father, Henry II., in Finance, July 10. 

The preachmgs of Knox excite Iconoclastic outbreaks in Scot- 
land. The Scottish Reformers take up arms against the 
queen regent, Mary of Guise. 

Philip II. appoints his half-sister, Margaret of Parma, regent 
of the Netherlands ; Granvelle her chief councillor. 

Death of Pope Paul IV. Election of Pius IV. 

1560. The Scottish Reformers conclude a treaty of alliance with 

Queen Elizabeth at Berwick. They are joined by the Eng- 
lish forces. Death of the queen regent, Mary of Guise. 
Mary Stuart and her husband, Francis II., conclude the 
treaty of Edinburgh with Elizabeth and the Reformers. The 
French forces in the service of the Scottish court return 
home. The Scottish Parliament passes the Statutes of Ref- 
ormation. 

Conspiracy of Amboise, formed by the Huguenots, for the 
overthrow of the Guises. Arrest of Conde. Charles IX. 
succeeds his brother, Francis II. ; his mother, Catharine de' 
Medici, regent. 

Eric XIV. succeeds his father, Gustavus Vasa, in Sweden. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 65 

1560. Death of Melanchthon. 

1561. Queen Mary returns to Scotland. 

Shane O'Neill heads a rehellion in Ireland. 

Colloquy of Poissy between the French theologians. 

The jjower of the Knights Swordbearers broken ; their last 
grand-master, Gotthard Ketteler, cedes Livonia to Sigis- 
mund Augustus of Poland and Lithuania, and becomes his 
vassal as hereditary duke of Courland. Esthonia submits 
to Sweden. 

1562. Edict of St. Germain granting partial toleration to the Hu- 

guenots. Massacre of the Huguenots at Vassy and other 
cities. Beginning of the Huguenot wars. Defeat of the 
Huguenots, under Conde and Coligni, at Dreux, Dec. 19. 
The Huguenots attempt a settlement on the coast of South 
Carolina. 

1563. Publication of the Thirty-nine Articles of the Church of Eng- 

land. (See 1552.) 

Assassination of Francis, duke of Guise, Feb. Edict of paci- 
fication of Amboise. 

Publication of the Heidelberg Catechism by the Calvinists. 

Closing of the council of Trent. 

Philip II. begins the construction of the Escurial. 

1564. Maximilian II. succeeds his father, Ferdinand I., in the Ger- 

man Empire, the archduchy of Austria, Hungary, and Bo- 
hemia. 

Margai'et of Parma is forced to dismiss Granvelle. 

St. Philip Neri founds the Congregation of the Oratory. 

Huguenot settlement on the St. John's River, Florida. 

Death of Michel Angelo and of Calvin. 

1565. Marriage of Mary Stuart with Darnley. 

Successful defence of Malta by La Valette against the Turks, 

led by Mustapha Pasha. 
The Spaniards, under Menendez de Aviles, kill the Huguenot 

settlers in Florida, together with the forces under Ribault. 

Foundation of St. Augustine by the Spaniards. 
Death of Pope Pius IV. 

1566. Murder of Rrzzio by Darnley. 

The nobles of the Netherlands, having formed a league among 
themselves, present a petition of rights to the regent, Mar- 
garet of Parma. The members of the league assume the 
name of Gueux (beggars). Iconoclastic outbreaks in the 
country. 



66 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 

1566. Election of Pope Pius V. 

Solyman the Magnificent invades Hungary. He dies in the 
camp before Sziget, which falls after a heroic defence by 
Nicholas Zrinyi. Accession of Selim II. 

1567. Murder of Darnley. Mary Stuart marries Bothwell. She is 

imprisoned, and forced to resign the crown in favor of her 

son, James VI. ; Murray regent. 
Defeat and assassination of Shane O'Neill. 
Renewal of the Huguenot wars. Indecisive battle of St. 

Denis, Nov. 10. 
Arrival of the duke of Alva in the Netherlands as governor 

with a Spanish army. He organizes the "Council of 

Blood." 
Foundation of the Rugby Grammar School. 

1568. Defeat of Mary Stuart by Murray at Langside, May 13. She 

takes refuge in England, and is imprisoned by Elizabeth. 
Peace of Longjumeau with the Huguenots. The Protestant 

leaders assemble at La Rochelle. The Huguenot struggle 

is renewed. 
Execution of Egmont and Horn at Brussels, June 5. Louis 

of Nassau and his brother, William of Orange, in arms 

against the Spaniards. 
Rising of the Moriscos in Spain, Dec. 
Eric XIV., king of Sweden, is deposed, and succeeded by his 

brother, John. 

1569. Catholic insurrection in England, headed by the earls of West- 

moreland and Northumberland. 

Defeat of the Huguenots at Jarnac, March 13; Conde cap- 
tured and shot. Defeat of Coligni at Moncontour, Oct. 3. 

The Florentine dominions are erected into the grand-duchy of 
Tuscany under Cosmo de' Medici (Cosmo the Great). 

The Diet of Lublin proclaims the union of Poland and Lithu- 
ania into one commonwealth (to be governed by an elective 
king). 

1570. Assassination of Murray, regent of Scotland. The kingdom 

is invaded by the English. The earl of Lennox assumes 
the regency. 

Peace of St. Germain between the Catholics and Hugue- 
nots. 

Don John of Austria crushes the insurrection of the Moriscos 
in Spain. 

The Turks complete the conquest of Yemen. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. G7 

1571. Dunbarton, the princij)al stronghold of the adherents of Mary 

Stuart, falls into the hands of the earl of Lennox. The re- 
gent is mortally wounded at Stirling. The earl of Mar suc- 
ceeds him. 

Formation of the Holy League against the Turks by Spain, 
Venice, and the pope. Its fleet, under Don John of Austria, 
wins a great victory at Lepanto, Oct. 7. 

The Turks wrest Cyprus from the Venetians. 

1572. The duke of Norfolk, having entered into negotiations with 

Mary Stuart, is executed. The earl of Morton becomes re- 
gent of Scotland. 

Jeanne d'Albret, queen of Navarre, is succeeded by her son, 
Henry. He marries Margaret of Valois, sister of Chai'les 
IX. Massacre of St. Bartholomew, Aug. 24 ; Coligni slain. 
Fresh rising of the Huguenots. 

Great rising of the Dutch against their Spanish oppressoi-s. 
The patriots recognize the authority of William of Orange. 

Death of Sigismund Augustus of Poland, the last of the Ja- 
gellonian dynasty ; the crown becomes elective. 

Pope Gregoiy XHL succeeds Pius V. 

Publication of the " Lusiad " of Camoens. 

1573. Successful defence of La Eochelle by the Huguenots. The 

treaty of La Rochelle grants them toleration. 
The Spaniards reduce Haarlem, and besiege Leyden; recall 
of Alva ; Requesens his successor. 

1574. Henry, duke of Anjou, brother of Charles IX., is crowned 

king of Poland. He becomes king of France on the death 
of Charles, as Henry HI. , and abandons Poland. 
The Spaniards are compelled to raise the siege of Leyden. 

1575. Stej^hen Bathori, prince of Transylvania, is elected king of 

Poland through the influence of Zamojski. 
Foundation of the University of Leyden. 

1576. Henry, duke of Guise, organizes the Catholic League against 

the Huguenots. 

Eudoljih II. succeeds his father, Maximilian II., in the Ger- 
man Empire, the archduchy of Austria, Hiingary, and 
Bohemia. 

Pacification of Ghent, an engagement entered into by the 
revolted provinces of the Netherlands for their deliverance, 
Nov. 8. Don John of Austria is appointed governor of the 
Netherlands by his half-brother, Philip II. 

Plague at Milan. 
6 



68 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1576. First voyage of Frobislier in search of a northwest pas- 

sage. 
Death of Titian. 

1577. Peace of Bergerac between Henry III. and the Hug-uenots. 
Fruitless attempt to pacify the Netherlands through the so- 
called "Perpetual Edict." 

1578. Treaty of alliance between the Dutch and English. 

Don John of Austria wins a great victory at Gembloux, Jan. 
31. Alessandro Farnese, duke of Parma, succeeds as gov- 
ernor of the Netherlands on the death of Don John. 

King Sebastian of Portugal invades Morocco, and is over- 
whelmed and slain at Alcazarquivir. 

1579. Foundation of the Dutch Rej)ublic by the Union of Utrecht. 

The duke of Parma takes Maestricht, June. A Spanish 
force invades Ireland. 
Faustus Socinus joins the anti-Trinitarians in Poland, 

1580. The revolted Netherlands appoint the duke of Anjou, brother 

of Henry III., their stadtholder. 
Conquest of Portugal by Philip II. 
Publication of the Formula of Concord by the German 

Lutherans. 
Death of Camoens and of Palladio. 

1581. Execution of the earl of Morton, regent of Scotland. 
Declaration of independence by the Dutch. The duke of 

Anjou relieves Cambrai. 
Publication of Tasso's ' ' Gerusalemme liberata. " 
1581-1582. Conquest of Siberia (the western portion of the region 
now called by that name) by the Cossacks under Yermak 
Timofeyeff. 

1582. Reformation of the calendar by Pope Gregory XIH. (It is 

directed that Oct. 5 of this year be made Oct. 15.) 

1583. The duke of Anjou renounces the governoi-ship of the Nether- 

lands. 
Humphrey Gilbert takes possession of Newfoundland for 
Queen Elizabeth. 

1584. Assassination of William of Orange, July 10. The duke of 

Parma lays siege to Antwerp. 
Treaty of alliance between the Catholic League and Philip 

II., Dec. 
The archbishop of Cologne, having embraced Protestantism, 

is driven from his territories. 
Fedor I. succeeds his father, Ivan the Terrible, in Russia, 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 69 

1584. Sir "Walter Ealeigh's men visit North Carolina. The name 

Virginia is given to the region by Queen Elizabeth. 

1585. The Catholic League in arms against Henry III. Treaty of 

Nemours between the court and the League. Renewal of 
the war against the Huguenots. 

Fall of Antwerp, Aug. Elizabeth sends an army, under 
Leicester, to aid the Dutch. 

Expedition of Drake against the Spanish possessions in 
America. 

Pope Sixtus V. succeeds Gregory XIII, 

A party sent out by Raleigh makes an unsuccessful settle- 
ment on Roanoke Island. 
1585-1587. Expeditions of Davis in search of a northwest passage. 

1586. Conspiracy of Babington against Elizabeth. 
The earl of Leicester at the head of the Dutch. 
Death of Stephen Bathori, king of Poland. 

1587. Execution of Mary, queen of Scots, Feb. 8. Drake destroys 

the Spanish ships of war at Cadiz. 
Henry of Navarre defeats 'the forces of Henry IH. at Cou- 

tras. 
End of Leicester's rule in the Netherlands. 
Sigismund Vasa is elected king of Poland. 

1588. The Invincible Armada of Philip II., under the duke of 

Medina Sidonia, is dispersed by the English, under Howard 
and Drake, Aug. 

Henry of Guise makes his entry into Paris against the prohi- 
bition of Henry III. The Parisians take up arms against 
the king, May 12 ("Day of the Barricades ") ; Henry III. is 
forced to flee. The king convokes the States General at 
Blois. The duke of Guise is assassinated by his order, Dec. 
23. Assassination of the cardinal of Guise, Dec. 24. 

Death of Paul Veronese. 
X589. Unsuccessful English expedition, under Drake and Norris, 
for the liberation of Portugal from the yoke of Spain. 

Death of Catharine de' Medici, Jan. 5. Henry III. is declared 
deposed by the Sorbonne and the Parliament of Paris ; his 
kingdom in arms against him. Tlie duke of Mayenne, head 
of the Catholic League, enters Paris, and is j)roclaimed 
lieutenant general of the kingdom. Henry III. johas Henry 
of Navarre and the Huguenots, and with them maz-ches 
against Paris. The king is stabbed by Jacques Clement 
at St. Cloud, Aug. 1, and dies Aug. 2; end of the Valois 



70 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

dynasty. Henry of Navarre (Heury IV.) inan^rates tlie 
Bourbon dynasty. Henry, forced back into Normandy, is 
victorious over the duke of Mayenne at Arques, SejDt. , and 
reappears before Paris. 

1590. Victory of Henry IV. over Maj^enne at Ivry, March 14. A 

Spanish army, under the duke of Pai'ma, assists the League, 
and raises the siege of Paris. 

Pope Urban VII. succeeds Sixtus V. He is succeeded by 
Gregoiy XIV. 

Maurice of Nassau, governor of the Netherlands, makes him- 
self master of Breda. 

1591. Pope Innocent X. succeeds Gregory XIV. He dies. 

1592. Tlie Parliament of Scotland abolishes Episcopacy, and estab- 

lishes the Presbyterian government in the church. 
Sigismund Vasa, king of Poland, succeeds his father, John, 

as king of Sweden. 
Election of Pope Clement VIII. 
Death of Montaigne. 

1593. Severe enactments against recusants in England. 
Henry IV. abjures Protestantism. 

1594. Henry IV. is crowned at Chartres, Feb. 37. Paris opens its 

gates to him, March 22. 
Death of Tintoretto. 

1595. Henry IV. declares war against Spain. 

1595-1597. First voyage of the Dutch around the Cape of Good 
Hope to the East Indies. 

1596. Submission of the duke of Mayenne; end of the Catholic 

League. 
Capture of Cadiz by Howard and Essex. 

1597. Maurice of Nassau, with the aid of English auxiliaries, defeats 

the Spaniards at Turnhout, Jan. 
Henry IV. of France intrusts the direction of the finances to 
Rosny (the future duke of Sully). 

1598. Henry IV. issues the Edict of Nantes, granting toleration to 

the Huguenots, April 13. Treaty of Vervins between France 

and Spain. 
Philip HI. succeeds his father, Philip II., in Spain, Sept. 13. 
Death of Fedor I. of Russia ; end of the line of Rurik. Boris 

Godunoff succeeds to the throne. 

1599. Elizabeth sends Essex to Ireland to put down the insurrection 

under the earl of Tyrone. He enters into negotiations with 
the rebel leader. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 71 

1599. Sigismund Vasa, having attempted to establish. Catholicism 

in Sweden, loses the crown of that kingdom. 
Death of Spenser. 

1600. The French invade and occupy Savoy. Marriage of Henrj^ 

IV. with Maria de' Medici. 
Maurice of Nassau defeats the archduke Albert of Austria, 

governor of the Spanish Netherlands, at Nieuport. 
Burning of Giordano Bruno in Rome. 
The English East India Comx^any is chartered. 

1601. Execution of Essex. Lord Mountjoy breaks the power of Ty- 

rone. (The insurgent leader surrenders to the English about 

the beginning of 1603.) 
Peace between France and Savoy. 

The archduke Albert of Austria begins the siege of Ostend. 
The Portuguese discover Australia (first discovery ?). 
Death of Tycho Brahe. 

1602. Bartholomew Gosnold attemj^ts a settlement on the coast of 

Massachusetts. 

1603. Death of Queen Elizabeth, March 24; end of the Tudor dy- 

nasty. James VI. of Scotland, son of Mary Stuart, ascends 
the English throne as James I. Sir Walter Raleigh is com- 
mitted to the Tower on a charge of conspiring to place 
Lady Ai*abella Stuart on the throne. 

1604. Conferences of Hampton Court between the English ijrelates 

and the Puritans. 

Surrender of Ostend to the Spanish general, Spinola. 

The emperor Rudolph II. provokes a rising of the Hungarians 
under Bocskay. 

The regent of Sweden, Charles, uncle of the deposed Sigis- 
mund Vasa, formally ascends the throne as Charles IX. 

1605. Gunpowder Plot to destroy the English king and Parliament; 

Guy Fawkes seized, Nov. 5. 

Death of Boris Godunoff , czar of Russia. His son, Fedor, is 
dethroned and succeeded by the first Pseudo-Demetrius (an 
impostor pretending to be Demetrius, a son of Ivan IV. put 
to death by Boris Godunofi: in 1591), helped on to his enter- 
prise by Polish nobles. 

Pope Leo XI. succeeds Clement VIII. Paul V. succeeds 
Leo XL 

Abbas the Great, of Pereia, defeats the Turks at Bassorah. 

Cervantes publishes the first portion of "Don Quixote." 

Death of Beza. 



72 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1606. The archduke Matthias rebels against his brother, Rudolph II, 
The first Pseudo-Demetrius is dethroned and killed. Shuiski 

succeeds him as Basil V. 
James I. grants a patent to the London and Plymouth Com- 
j)anies. 

1607. The Protestant city of Donauwoi'th is deprived of its liberties. 
Naval victory of the Dutch over the Spaniards at Gibraltar. 
Foundation of Jamestown by the London Company. 

1608. Formation of the Evangelical Union by the Protestant states 

of Germany. Rudolph II. is forced to cede the archduchy 
of Austria, Moravia, and Hungary to Matthias. 

Marie Jacqueline Angelique Arnauld undertakes the refbrm 
of Port Royal. 

Foundation of Quebec by the French. 

1609. Beginning of the contest for the possession of Julich. For- 

mation of the Catholic League in Germany. Rudolph 11. 
is compelled to grant the "Majestatsbrief," an edict of tol- 
eration, to the Bohemians. 

Truce for twelve years between the Netherlands and Spain. 

Philip III. expels the Moriscos from Spain. 

The London Company is reorganized; Lord Delaware gov- 
ernor. 

Samuel Champlain discovers Lake Champlain. 

Henry Hudson ascends the Hudson River. 

Foundation of the Bank of Amsterdam. 
1609-1610. Another Pseudo-Demetrius, by means of the Polish arms, 
conquers the throne of Russia. The usurper is killed, 

1610. Assassination of Henry IV. by Ravaillac, May 14. His son, 

Louis XIII., succeeds under the regency of Maria de' Medici. 
Henry Hudson explores Hudson Bay. 
Discovery of the satellites of Jupiter by Galileo (the telescope 

having been invented a shoi-t time previously). 

1611. Rudolph II. loses the crown of Bohemia, which is transferred 

to his brother, Matthias. 
Gustavus Adolphus succeeds his father, Charles IX., on the 

throne of Sweden. 
Completion of King James's Bible. 

1612. Death of Rudolph II. Matthias becomes emperor. 

The Russians, under the lead of Minin and Pozhai'ski, liberate 
their country from its Polish invaders. 

1613. Michael Romanoff becomes czar of Russia, the first of the Ro- 

manoff dynasty. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 73 

1614. Last convocation of the States General in France previous to 

the Revolution. 
The Dutch erect a fort on Manhattan Island. 
Napier publishes his invention of logarithms. 

1615. Louis XIII. marries Anne of Austi'ia, daughter of Philip III. 

of Spain. 

1616. Death of Shakespeai'e and Cervantes. 

1616 (about). Harvey discovers the circulation of the blood. 

1617. Murder of Marshal d'Ancre (Concini), the favorite of Maria 

de' Medici. Maria is exiled to Blois. 
Peace of Stolbova between Russia and Sweden ; Karelia and 
Ingria ceded to Sweden. 

1618. Execution of Sii* Walter Raleigh. 

Beginning of the Thirty Years' War ; the Protestants of Bo* 
hernia rise under Count Thurn. Spain lends her support 
to the emperor Matthias. 
Union of the duchy of Prussia with Brandenburg. 
1618-1619. Synod of Dort ; Arminianism condemned. 

1619. Death of the emperor Matthias, March. His cousin, Ferdi- 

nand, succeeds him as head of the house of Austria. He is 
besieged in Vienna by Thurn, but is relieved by Dampierre. 
He is elected emperor as Ferdinand II., Aug. Gabriel 
Bethlen, prince of Transylvania, invades Hungary. Fred- 
erick v., elector palatine, son-in-law of James I. of Eng- 
land, is crowned king by the Bohemians. 

Execution of Barneveldt by Maurice of Nassau. 

A colonial assembly is convened at Jamestown, the fii*st rep- 
resentative body of British colonists in America. Negro 
slavery is introduced into Virginia. 

Batavia is founded by the Dutch as the seat of government of 
their East Indian possessions. 

1620. The Catholic League, headed by Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, 

in arms for Ferdinand II. The Protestants are overthrown 
in the battle of the White Mountain (battle of Prague), 
Nov. ; flight of Frederick from Bohemia. 

Massacre of the Protestants in the Valtellina (at this time be- 
longing to Grisons). The territory is occupied by a Span- 
ish force. 

Landing of the Pilgrim Fathei's at Plymouth, Dec. 11 (new 
style, Dec. 21).* 

* Tho celebration of " Forefathers' Day" is held on Dec. 22. 



74 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1620. Publication of Francis Bacon's "Novum Organum." 

1621. Fall of Lord Chancellor Bacon. 

Dissolution of the Evangelical Union. Mansfeld continues 
the war for the elector Frederick V. 

Philip IV. succeeds his father, Philip III., in Spain; Olivarez 
his minister. The struggle between Spam and the Nether- 
lands is renewed. 

Pope Gregory XV. succeeds Paul V. 

The Virginia Colony secures a rej)resentative government. 

The cotton culture is introduced in Virginia. 
1621-1622. War between Louis XIII. and the Huguenots, led by 

Rohan and Soubise. 
1621-1629. Victorious career of Gustavus Adolphus against the Poles. 

1622. Peace of Nikolsburg between Ferdinand II. and Gabriel 

Bethlen. Tilly, the general of the Catholic League, defeats 

the margrave of Baden-Durlach at Wimpfen, and Christian 

of Brunswick at Hochst. 
Pope Gregory XV. founds the Propaganda. 
The Dutch West India Company takes possession of New 

Netherland. Indian massacre in Virginia. 

1623. Maximilian, duke of Bavaria, receives the dignity of elector, 

forfeited by the elector palatine Frederick V. 
Pope Urban VIII. succeeds Gregory XV. 
Settlement of New Hampshire at Dover. The Dutch build 

Fort Orange (on the present site of Albany). 

1624. Richelieu enters the council of Louis XIII. 

The French expel the Spaniards from the Valtellina. 
Dissolution of the London Company ; Virginia placed under 
the crown. 

1625. Charles I. succeeds his father, James I., March 27. He mar- 

ries Henrietta Maria, sister of Louis XIII. He dissolves his 
first Parliament. 

The Huguenots renew their struggle. 

Christian IV. of Denmark takes up arms for the German Prot- 
estants. 

Frederick Henry succeeds his brother, Maurice of Nassau, in 
the Netherlands. The Spanish general Spinola takes Breda. 

1626. Impeachment of Buckingham. Charles I. dissolves his sec- 

ond Parliament. 
Peace between Louis XIII. and the Huguenots. Treaty of 
MonQon between France and Spain, recognizmg the sov- 
ereignty of Grisons over the Valtellina. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 75 

1626. Wallenstein, having raised an army for Ferdinand II., defeats 

Mansfeld at Dessau, April. Tilly vanquishes Christian IV. 
of Denmark at Lutter, Aug. 
The Dutch purchase Manliattan Island fi'om the Indians. 

1627. War is renewed against the Huguenots, who receive English 

aid. La Rochelle, the Protestant stronghold is besieged. 
Unsuccessful expedition of Buckingham to the Isle of Re. 
Wallenstein invades Denmark. 

1628. Charles I. is forced to assent to the Petition of Right, directed 

against the abuse of royal authority, June. Assassination 
of Buckingham. 

Fall of La Rochelle, Oct. 

Wallenstein unsuccessfully besieges Stralsund. 

War in Italy for the possession of Mantua and Montferrat. 
France supports the claim of Charles, duke of Nevei-s (re- 
lated to the late reigning house of Gonzaga), and is opposed 
by Spain and Austria. 

Settlement of Salem by the Massachusetts Bay Company. 

1629. Charles I. dissolves his third Parliament. 

End of the Huguenot wai^s. Richelieu becomes the prime- 
minister of Louis XIII. 

Fei'dinand II. publishes the Edict of Restitution, demanding 
of the Protestants the surrender to the Catholic church of 
numerous sees in their possession, as well as of secularized 
pi'ojjei'ty, March. The emperor concludes i^eace with Den- 
mark at Llibeck, May. 

The English take Quebec. 

1630. Dismissal of Wallenstein by Ferdinand II. Gustavus Adol- 

phus of Sweden enters Germany, and wages war for the 

Protestants. 
The Imperialists take Mantua. Treaty of Ratisbon between 

Louis XIII. and Ferdinand II., who recognizes Charles of 

Nevers as duke of Mantua. 
John Wuithrop assumes the government of the Massachusetts 

Bay Company. Foundation of Boston. 
Death of Kepler. 

1631. Imprisonment of Maria de' Medici for intrigues against Riche- 

lieu. She escapes from France. 
Subsidiaiy treaty between France and Sweden, signed at Bar- 
walde. Storming of Magdeburg by Tilly and Pappenheim, 
May 10 (new style, 20). Gustavus Adolphus overwhelms 
Tilly at Breitenfeld, near Leipsic, Sept. 7 (new style, 17). 



76 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1631. Advance of Gustavus Adolplius to the Eliine. Occupation 
of Prague by the forces of John George, elector of Saxony. 

William Clayborne makes a settlement on Kent Island, Mary- 
land. 

1632. Gustavus Adolphus forces the passage of the Lech, April ; 

Tilly mortally wounded. The Swedes enter Munich. Wal- 
lenstein, placed in command of the Imperial forces, in- 
trenches himself before Nuremberg, which is held by Gus- 
tavus Adolphus, who vainly attempts to dislodge him. 
Victory of the Swedes over Wallenstein at Llitzen, Nov. 6 
(new style, 16) ; Gustavus Adolphus killed. His daughter, 
Christina, succeeds him under the regency of Oxenstiern. 
Death of the elector palatine Frederick V. 

Ladislas IV. succeeds Sigismund Vasa in Poland. 

Cecilius Calvert, second Lord Baltimore, receives a charter 
for a colony in Maryland. 

Canada is restored to France by England. 

1633. Laud is made archbishop of Canterbury. 

Union of Heilbronn between the German Protestant states and 
the Swedes ; Oxenstiern intrusted with the conduct of the 
war against the emj)eror and the Catholic states. 

Death of Coke. 

1634. Writ of Ship-Money issued by Charles I. 

Assassination of Wallenstein at Eger, Feb. 15 (new style, 25). 
The army of the German Protestants and Swedes, under 
Bei'nhard of Weimar and Horn, is annihilated at Nord- 
lingen by the forces of Ferdinand, son of the emperor of 
Germany, and Gallas,Aug. 27 (new style, Sept. 6). 

Settlement of St. Mary's, Maryland, by Leonard Calvert. 
1634-1636. Settlement of Connecticut by the English. 

1635. Peace of Prague between Ferdinand II. and Saxony. 
France, under the guidance of Richelieu, engages in an active 

contest against the power of Austria and Spain. 
Foundation of the French Academy. 
Death of Lope de Vega. 

1636. Invasion of France by the Spaniards, Imperialists, and Charles 

of Lorraine. Victory of the Swedish general Baner over 
the Imperialists at Wittstock, Sept. 24 (new style, Oct. 4). 

Roger Williams makes a settlement at Providence. 

First performance of Corneille's "Cid." 
1636-1638. John Hampden resists the payment of Ship-Money; the 
case is decided against him by the Court of Exchequer. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 77 

1637. Burton, Bastwick, and Piynne (Prynne for a second time) are 

condemned by the Star Chamber. The Scots resist the in- 
troduction of the English liturgy. 

Ferdinand II. is succeeded in all his dominions by his son, 
Ferdinand III., Feb. 

Subjugation of the Pequots by the New England colonists. 

1638. The Scots publish the National Covenant, and declare Epis- 

copacy abolished. 

A^ictory of Bernhard of Weimar over the Imperialists at 
Rheinfelden. He reduces Breisach. 

William Coddington makes a settlement on the island of 
Aquidneck, (Rhode Island). Foundation of Harvard Col- 
lege. Establishment of the colony of New Haven. Swedes 
and Finns settle in Delaware. 

1639. The Scots take up arms for the Covenant. Pacification of 

Berwick. 
Naval victory of the Dutch, under M. H. Tromp, over the 

Spaniards in the Downs. 
The people of Connecticut adopt a constitution. 
The transit of Venus is first observed by Horrox. 

1640. Session of the Short Parliament, April-May. The Scots in- 

vade England. Meeting of the Long Parliament, Nov. 

Impeachment of Strafi'ord. 
Accession of Frederick William, the "great elector," in 

Brandenburg. 
Revolt of Catalonia from Spain. 
Portugal recovers her independence ; John, duke of Braganca, 

is proclaimed king as John IV. 
Death of Rubens. 

1641. Archbishop Laud is sent to the Tower. Execution of Straf- 

ford, May. Abolition of the Star Chamber and Court of 
High Commission. Insurrection in Ireland. 

Publication of Descartes's " Meditationes de Prima Philo- 
sophia." 

Death of Vandyke. 

1642. War between Charles I. and Parliament. Indecisive battle 

of Edgehill, Oct. 23. 
Conspiracy of the duke of Orleans, brother of Louis XIII., 
the duke of Bouillon, Cinq-Mars, and De Thou against 
Richelieu. Execution of Cinq-Mare and De Thou. The 
French conquer Roussillon from Spain. Death of Riche- 
lieu, Dec. 



78 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1642. Torstenson, the Swedish commander-in-chief, is victorious at 

Breitenfeld. 

Urban VIII. condemns Jansen's work on the doctrine of 
Augustine. 

Discovery of Tasmania (Van Diemen's Land) and New Zea- 
land by the Dutch navigator Tasman. 

Hobbes publishes his " Elementa Philosophica de Give." 

Death of Galileo. 

1643. The Westminster assembly of divines convenes. Bristol sur- 

renders to Prince Rupert. First battle of Newbuiy, Sept. 
20. Parliament, to secure the close alliance of the Scots, 
subscribes to the Solemn League and Covenant, a bond be- 
tween the English and Scots to uphold Presbyterianism in 
Scotland, and establish it in place of Episcopacy in Eng- 
land and Ireland. 

Louis XIV. succeeds his father, Louis XIII., May 14; his 
mother, Anne of Austria, regent; Mazarin prime-minister. 

Victory of the duke d'Enghien (Conde) over the Spaniards 
at Rocroy. Defeat of the French by the Imperialists at 
Tuttling-en. 

Christian IV. of Denmark makes war on Sweden. 

The New England colonies establish a confederacy. 

Invention of the barometer by Torricelli. 

1644. The Scottish forces enter England. Battle of Marston Moor, 

July 2 ; the Parliamentarians and Scots, commanded by 
Fairfax, the earl of Manchester, and the earl of Leven, de- 
feat the Royalists, under Prince Rupert. The marquis of 
Montrose defeats the Covenanters at Tippermuir, Sept. 1. 
Second battle of Newbury, Oct, 27. 

Torstenson overruns Denmark. Battle between the French 
and Germans at Freiburg. Torstenson defeats Gallas at 
Jiiterbock. 

Christina assumes the reins of government in Sweden. 

Pope Innocent X. succeeds Urban VIII. 

The Mantchoos establish their dynasty in China on the ruins 
of the Ming dynasty. 

Roger Williams obtains a patent from Parliament for the 
united government of the Rhode Island settlements. 

1645. Execution of Laud, Jan. 10. Battle of Naseby, June 14; the 

Royalists defeated by Fairfax, seconded by Cromwell and 
Ireton. Surrender of Bristol to the Parliamentarians. 
Victory of Torstenson at Jankau, Feb. 24 (new style, March 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 79 

1645. 6) ; the Imperialist general Hatzfeld taken prisoner. Vic- 
tory of the duke d'Enghien (Conde) and Turenne near 
Nordlingen. 

Peace of Bromsebro between Sweden and Denmark. 
Alexis succeeds his father, Michael, as czar of Russia. 
Death of Grotius. 

1646. Charles I. delivers himself up to the Scots, May. Capitula- 

tion of the marquis of Montrose. 

1647. Charles I. is handed over to Parliament by the Scots, Jan. 

30. He is imprisoned. 

Turenne and the Swedish commander Wrangel force Maxi- 
milian of Bavaria to an armistice. 

Masaniello's insurrection at NajDles. 

George Fox, founder of the sect of Quakers, begins his 
preachings. 

1648. Royalist risings in England. The Scots take up arms for 

Charles I., and are defeated by Cromwell. Parliament 
adopts the Westmmster Confession of Faith. Cromwell 
" purges" the Long Parliament. 

Spain recognizes the independence of Holland, Jan. 

The Swedish general Konigsmark occupies a portion of 
Prague. Close of the Thirty Years' War; treaties signed 
at Osnabriick and Miinster ; signing of a general treaty at 
Miinster, the Peace of Westphalia, Oct. 24 (new style). 
Holland and Switzerland are declared independent of the 
German Empire; Alsace is annexed to France, which is 
confii'med in the possession of Metz, Toul, and "Verdun; 
Sweden receives Hither Pomerania (west of the Oder), 
Stettin, the island of Riigen, Wismar, the bishoprics of 
Bremen * and A'erden, etc., and is admitted to representa- 
tion in the German Diet; Brandenburg secm-es Further 
Pomerania, Halberstadt, Minden, and Kammin, and the 
succession to the see of Magdeburg ; Lusatia is confirmed 
to Saxony, and the Upper Palatinate to Bavaria; a new 
electorate (the eighth) is created for the Rhenish Palatinate 
(see 1623) ; the equality of the Catholic, Lutheran, and Re- 
formed creeds in Germany is established. 

Beginning of the war of the Fronde in France. Insurrection 
in Paris against prime-minister Mazarin (" day of the bai*- 
ricades ") Aug. 27. 

* The city of Bremen retained its independence. 



80 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1648. John Casimir succeeds his brother, Ladislas TV., m Poland. 
The Turks begin the blockade of the fortress of Candia. 

1649. Execution of Charles I., Jan. 30. His son Charles is j)ro- 

claimed king at Edinbiirgh. England is declared a Com- 
monwealth. Cromwell storms Drogheda and Wexford; 
Ireland almost completely subdued. 
Siege of Paris by the forces of the Court ; an accommoda- 
tion effected. 

1650. Fatal expedition of the marquis of Montrose in support of 

Charles II. Charles II. in Scotland. Victory of Crom- 
well over the Scots, under Leslie, at Dunbar, Sept. 3. 

The princes of Conde and Conti and the Duke of Longueville 
are seized and imprisoned by order of Mazarin. 

Death of Descartes. 
1650 {about). Invention of the air-pumj) by Otto von Guericke. 

1651. Cromwell overwhelms the army of Charles II. at Worcester, 

Sept. 3. Charles escapes to the continent. Passage of the 
Navigation Act. 

1652. The Irish rebellion comi^letely suppressed. War between 

England and Holland. A'^ictory of Maarten Tromp over 
Blake near the Goodwin Sands, Nov. 
Campaign of Conde, the i^rincipal leader of the Fronde, who 
is opposed by Turenne. Collapse of the Fronde. Conde 
passes over to the Spaniards. 

1653. Victory of Blake over the Dutch, commanded by Maarten 

Tromp, off Portland Island, Feb. Exj)ulsion of the Rump 
Parliament by Cromwell. Barebones's Parliament assem- 
bles. Naval victory of the English over the Dutch off the 
coast of Holland, July 31 (new style, Aug. 10) ; Maarten 
Tromp killed. Cromwell is made Protector, Dec. 16. 
Johan de Witt, head of the anti-Orange party in the Nether- 
lands, is made grand-j)ensionary of Holland. 

1654. Peace between England and Holland. 

Queen Christina of Sweden abdicates in favor of her cousin, 
Charles (X.) Gustavus. 

Chmielnicki, the leader of the Cossacks in their revolt 
against Poland, places himself under the sovereignty of 
Rvissia. War between Russia and Poland. 

1655. Conquest of Jamaica from the Spaniards by the English. 
Charles X. of Sweden overruns Poland. 

Pope Alexander VII. succeeds Innocent X. 

Peter Stuyvesant, director general of New Netherland, dis- 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 81 

possesses the Swedish settlers near the mouth of the Dela- 
ware. 

1656. Fi-ederick William, elector of Brandenburg, joins Charles X. 

against the Poles, to whom the Cossacks resume allegiance. 

Victories of the Poles under Czarnecki. Ovex'throw of the 

Poles in the battle of Warsaw, July 28-30. 
The Dutch put an end to the Portuguese power in Ceylon. 
Publication of Pascal's " Lettres provinciales." 

1657. Oliver Cromwell declines the title of king. 

Austria enters into ah alliance with Poland against Sweden. 

Death of the emperor Ferdinand III., April 2. His son Leo- 
pold succeeds in Austria, Hungaiy, and Bohemia. 

Denmark makes war on Sweden. The elector of Branden- 
burg gives up the Swedish alliance and joins Poland, which 
renounces her suzerainty over the duchy of Prussia in the 
treaty of Wehlau. 

1658. Defeat of the Spaniards by the French and English forces 

in the battle of the Dunes. Dunkirk is taken from the 
Spaniards by the French, and secured to England. 

Death of Oliver Cromwell, Sept. 3. His son Richard is named 
Protector. 

Leopold I. is elected emperor of Germany after a year's inter- 
regnum, July 18. 

Treaty of Roskilde between Denmark and Sweden. War is 
renewed between the two kingdoms. Charles X. lays siege 
to Copenhagen. The Dutch, in alliance with Denmark, de- 
feat the Swedish fleet. 

Aurungzebe succeeds his father. Shah Jehan, as Mogul em- 
peror (Shah Jehan being kept in prison). 

1659. Resignation of Richard Cromwell, May 25. 

Conventions of the Hague between England, France, and the 
Netherlands. 

Peace of the Pyrenees between France and Spain ; an mipor- 
tant part of the Spanish Netherlands as well as Roussillon 
secured to France; Catalonia to, continue a province of 
Spain. 

The siege of Copenhagen is abandoned by the Swedes. Fred- 
erick William of Brandenburg defeats the Swedes in Pom- 
erania. 

Firet performance of Moliere's "Precieuses ridicules." 

1660. March of General Monk upon London. End of the Puritan 

regime. Restoration of the Stuarts; Charles 11. is pro- 



82 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1660. claimed king in London, May 8. Entry of Charles into 
London, May 29. Act of Indemnity passed. 

Marriage of Louis XIV, with Maria Theresa, daughter of 
Philip IV. of Spain. 

Charles XL (born 1655) succeeds his father, Charles X., in 
Sweden. 

Peace of Oliva between Sweden, Poland, Brandenburg, and 
the emioeror of Germany; Poland cedes Livonia to Sweden, 
and also relinquishes Esthonia to her. Treaty of Copen- 
hagen between Sweden and Denmark ; Denmark gives up 
her possessions in the Swedish portion of the Scandinavian 
peninsula. 

Foundation of the Royal Society of London. 

1661. Execution of the marquis of Argyll. Episcopacy is restored 

in Scotland. 
Death of Mazarin. Colbert becomes the chief minister of 
Louis XIV. 

1662. The Act of Uniformity is passed by Parliament requiring 

from all clergymen a strict adhesion to the Episcopal 
church. Marriage of Charles II. with Catharine of Bra- 
ganca (Braganza). Execution of Sir Henry Vane. Ejec- 
tion of the Nonconformist clergy from their livmgs. Dun- 
kirk is sold to France. 
The Connecticut and New Haven colonies receive a charter 
from Charles II. 

1663. The Turks, under Koprili, overrun Hungary. 
Foundation of the French Academy of Inscriptions. 

1663-1665. Formation of the colony of Carolina. 

1664. The first Conventicle Act (directed against the Dissenters) 

is passed by Parliament. 

Victory of Montecuculi, general of Leopold I., over the Turks 
at St. Gotthard, in Hungary, Aug. 1. 

Charles II. grants the region between the Connecticut and 
Delaware rivers to his brother James, duke of York. The 
English occupy New Amsterdam, and take possession of 
New Netherland ; the name New York is given to the city 
and province. A portion of his territory is disposed of by 
James, to which the name of New Jersey is given. 

Foundation of the French East India Company. 

1665. War between England and Holland. The great plague in 

London. 
Charles II. (born 1661) succeeds his father, Philip IV., in Spain. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNH^ERSAL HISTORY. 83 

1665. The union of the Connecticut and New Haven colonies is com- 

pleted. 
Death of Poussin. 

1666. Naval battle in the Downs between the English and Dutch. 

The gi'eat fire in London. The Scotch Covenanters take 

up arms, and are defeated. 
France declares war against England. 
Foundation of the French Academy of Sciences. 

1667. Invasion of the Spanish Netherlands by Louis XIV. The 

Dutch admiral De Ruyter enters the estuary of the Thames, 
and sails up the Medway, burning a number of English 
ships ; he afterward sails up the Thames. Treaty of Breda 
between England, Holland, France, and Denmark. Charles 
II. dismisses his chief adviser, Clarendon, whose impeach- 
ment follows. 

Treaty of Andrusovo between Poland and Russia ; the Ukraine 
east of the Dnieper secured to Russia. 

The king of Denmark acquires Oldenburg. 

Pope Clement IX. succeeds Alexander VII. 

Publication of Milton's "Paradise Lost." First performance 
of Racine's ' ' Andromaque." 

1668. Triple alliance between England, Holland, and Sweden 

against France. Louis XIV. invades and occupies Franche- 
Comte. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ; France restores Franche- 
Comte to Spain, which makes some cessions on the side of 
the Netherlands. 

Spain, after a protracted Avar, recognizes the independence of 
Portugal m the treaty of Lisbon. 

Abdication of John Casimir of Poland. 

The island of Bombay (conveyed to England by Portugal in 
the dowry of Catharine of Bragan^a) is granted to the Eng- 
lish East India Company by Charles 11. 

Father Marquette founds the mission of Sault Ste. Marie. 

1669. Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki is elected king of Poland. 
The Turks conquer the fortress of Candia from the Venetians. 
Death of Pope Clement IX. 

Locke draws up the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina. 
Discovery of phosphorus by Brandt. 
Death of Rembrandt. 

1670. Secret treaty of Dover between Charles II. and Louis XTV. 
Louis XIV. occupies Lorraine. 

Election of Pope Clement X. 

r 



84 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1670. Incorporation of the Hudson Bay Company. 

1671. Tyrannical measures of Leopold I. for the subversion of the 

liberties of Hungary. Execution of Frangepan, Zrinyi, 
and Nadasdy. 

1672. France and England declare war against Holland. Treaty 

of Stockholm between France and Sweden. Louis XIV. 
invades Holland. The Dutch confer the supreme power 
on William (III.) of Orange. Massacre of the brothers De 
Witt by the people. 
Acquisition of Pondicherry by the French East India Com- 
pany. 

1673. Frederick William of Brandenburg, having marched to the 

aid of the Dutch (together with Montecuculi, the Austrian 
general), is compelled to sign a treaty of neutrality with 
France. The French take Maestricht and Treves. Will- 
iam of Orange and Montecuculi take Bonn. The French 
are baffled in Holland. Spain joins in the struggle against 
France. 

Passage by Parliament of the Test Act, excluding Papists and 
Non-conformists from all offices under the government. 
(Parliamentary test imposed in 1678.) 

Rising in Hungary against the Austrians. 

Death of Michael Korybut Wisniowiecki, king* of Poland. 

John Sobieski defeats the Turks at Khotin. 

The Dutch occupy New York and New Jersey. 

Death of Moliere and of Salvator Rosa. 

1674. Peace between England and Holland. The French conquer 

Franche-Comte from Spain. The German Empire in arms 
against France. Battle of Senef between Conde and Will- 
iam of Orange, Aug. 11. Turenne lays waste the Palati- 
nate, and defeats the Imperialists. Messina rises against 
the Spaniards. 

John Sobieski is elected king of Poland. 

New York and New Jersey are restored to the English. 

Death of Milton. 

1675. The Swedes, having invaded Brandenburg, are vanquished 

by Frederick William at Fehrbellin, June 18. Death of 
Turenne at Sassbach, July 27. Conde is victorious against 
Montecuculi. 

Commencement of King Philip's War. 

St. Paul's Cathedral is begun by Christopher Wren. 

Roemer ascertains the velocity of light. 



CHKOXOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 85 

1676. The French, under Duquesne, defeat the Dutch admiral De 

Ruyter off the coast of Sicily, April ; De Ruy ter mortally 

wounded. 
Fedor II. (III.) succeeds his father, Alexis, in Russia. 
PoiJe Innocent XI. succeeds Clement X. 
End of King Philip's War. Bacon's rebellion in Virginia 

against the government of Sir William Berkeley. 
Flamsteed begins observations in the Greenwich Observatory. 

1677. Defeat of William of Orange by the French at Cassel, in 

Flanders, April. Freiburg is taken by the French. 
Marriage of William of Orange with Mary, daughter of the 

duke of York (James II.), 
Death of Spinoza. 

1678. Titus Oates invents the Popish Plot. 

France makes peace with Holland and Spain at Nimeguen ; 
she secures Franche-Comte and a part of Flanders from the 
latter. 

Tokolyi leads the Hungarians in their struggle against Aus- 
tria. 

1679. Murder of Sharp, primate of Scotland. The Covenanters take 

up arms, and are defeated by the duke of Monmouth at 
Bothwell Bridge, June. Passage of the Habeas Corpus 
Act by Parliament. 
Peace of Nimeguen between France and the German Empire. 
Treaties of i^eace between France, Brandenburg, Sweden, 
and Denmai-k. 

1680. Execution of Viscount Stafford for participation in the alleged 

Popish Plot. 
Death of La Rochefoucauld. 

1681. Louis XIV. occupies Strasburg. 

William Penn obtains his patent from the crown. 
Death of Calderon. 

1682. LouLS XIV. attempts to seize Luxemburg. Declaration of the 

French clergy, drawn up by Bossuet, setting forth the lib- 
erties of the Galilean Church. 

The Turks take up the cause of Tokolyi. 

Ivan V. and Peter the Great succeed their brother, Fedor II. 
(III.) in Russia; their sister, Sophia, regent. 

Bombardment of Algiers by the French. 

Purchase of East Jersey by William Penn. He takes posses- 
sion of New Castle (Delaware) and the surrounding terri- 
tory. He founds the colony of Pennsylvania. 



86 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1682. La Salle descends the Mississippi to its mouth. 
Death of Murillo and of Claude Lorraine. 

1683. Execution of William Eussell, July 21, and of Algernon 

Sidney, Dec. 7, for alleged complicity in the Eye House 
Plot. 

Louis XIV. attacks the Spanish Netherlands. 

The Turks, under Kara Mustapha, lay siege to Vienna, July. 
Defense of the city by Starhemberg. The Turks are utterly 
defeated before that place by the combined forces of John 
Sobieski, king of Poland, Charles, duke of Lorraine, and 
the electors of Saxony and Bavaria, Sept. 12. 

Death of Colbert. The French again bombard Algiers. 

1684. Bombardment of Genoa by the French. Louis XIV. becomes 

master of Luxemburg. 
Venice joins in the war against the Turks. 
Arrival in France of an embassy from Siam. 
The charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company is declared 

forfeited. 
Leibnitz publishes his invention of the differential calculus. 

(Newton's method of fluxions invented about 1665.) 
Death of Corneille. 

1685. James II. succeeds his brother, Charles II., Feb. 6. The king 

celebrates mass. Insurrection of the earl of Argyll and the 
duke of Monmouth. Execution of Argyll. Defeat of Mon- 
mouth at Sedgemoor. Execution of Monmouth. "Bloody 
assizes " of Jeffreys. 

Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV., Oct. 22 
(accompanied by terrible persecutions of the Huguenots, 
known as dragonnades). 

The buccaneers pillage the coast of Peru. 

1686. James II. proceeds to restore Romanism in his dominions. 

He establishes a camp at Hounslow Heath. 
Louis XIV. and Victor Amadeus II. of Savoy wage a bloody 

crusade against the Waldenses in Piedmont. 
Buda is taken from the Turks. Successes of the Venetians in 

the Morea. 
Sir Edmund Andros is made governor of New England. 

1687. James II. appoints Tyi'connel, a Catholic, lord deputy of Ire- 

land. The king issues declarations for liberty of conscience. 
Caraffa's " bloody tribunal " in Hungary. Leopold I. forces 
the Hungarians to make their kingdom hereditary in the 
Hapsburg family. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 87 

1687. The duke of Lorraine defeats the Turks at Mohacs. Taking 

of Athens by the Venetians. 
Publication of Newton's "Principia," enunciating the law of 
gravitation. 

1688. James II. issues a fresh Declaration of Indulgence. Arrest of 

the seven bishops for petitioning against it. The English 
Revolution. William of Orange, invited by the malcon- 
tents, lands with an army in England, Nov. 5, and pro- 
ceeds to make himself master of the government. Flight 
of James II. to France. 

Louis XIV. makes war on Germany. The French take Phil- 
ippsburg. Louis declares war against Holland. 

Frederick III. succeeds his father, Frederick William, in 
Brandenburg. 

1689. William (III.) and Mary accept the Declaration of Rights, 

and are proclaimed king and queen of England, Feb. 13. 
Ireland rises for James II. , who lands there. AVilliam and 
Mary are proclaimed in Scotland, April 11. James II. un- 
successfully besieges Londonderry. England declares war 
against France. Passage of the Toleration Act by Par- 
liament ; Catholics not included. Victoiy of the Scottish 
Jacobites at Killiecrankie ; their leader. Viscount Dundee, 
killed. Parliament passes the Bill of Rights. 

The French, at the instance of Louvois, lay waste the Pala- 
tinate. Formation at Vienna of the Grand Alliance against 
Louis XIV. Successes of the Germans on the Rhine. 

Peter the Great baffles a conspiracy of the Strelitzes, excited 
by his sister, Sophia, and takes the reins of power entirely 
into his own hands. 

Poi)e Alexander VIII. succeeds Innocent XI. 

Overthrow of Andros in New England. Beginning of King 
William's War in America (terrainated by the treaty of 
Ryswick in 1697). Jacob Leisler's revolution in New 
York. 

1690. Victor Amadeus II. of Savoy joins the league against France. 

Victory of Marshal Luxembourg over the allies at Fleurus. 
The fleet of William III. is defeated off Beachy Head by 
the French, under Tourville. The Orangemen win the bat- 
tle of the Boyne, July 1 (new style, 11).* Successful cam- 
paign of Catinat against Savoy. 

* The anniversary of this event is celebrated July 12. 



88 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1690. Re-establisliment of Presbyterianism as the national church 

system in Scotland. 

Destruction of Schenectady by the French and Indians. Un- 
successful expedition of Sir William Phips against Canada. 

Publication of Locke's " Essay on the Human Understanding." 

1691. The Jacobites overcome in Scotland. Defeat of the Irish at 

Aghrim. Surrender of Limerick, the last stronghold of 

James II. in Ireland. 
Victory of Louis of Baden over the Turks at Salankamen. 
Pope Innocent XII. succeeds Alexander VIII. 
Execution of Jacob Leisler. 

1692. Massacre of the MacDonalds at Glencoe, Feb. 13. i 

The French fleet, under Tourville, is destroyed by the Eng- 
lish and Dutch off La Hogue, May 19 (new style, 29). 
Victory of Marshal Luxembourg over William III. at 
Steenkerk, July 24 (new style, Aug. 3). 

Erection of the dominions of the duke of Brunswick-Liine- 
burg into the electorate of Hanover (the ninth electorate). 

Union of the Massachusetts and Plymouth colonies. Witch- 
craft delusion at Salem. 

1693. The French admiral Tourville defeats the English fleet off 

Cape St. Vincent. Victory of Marshal Luxembourg over 
William III. at Neerwinden, July 19 (new style, 29). Cati- 
nat defeats the army of Savoy at Marsaglia, Oct. 

1694. Successes of the duke de Noailles in Spain. The English at- 

tack the French coast. 

Death of Queen Mary. The censorship of the press in Eng- 
land ceases. Establishment of the Bank of England. 

Death of Malpighi. 

1695. Campaign of Villeroi against William HI. in the Netherlands. 
Death of La Fontaine and of Huygens. 

1696. Savoy makes peace with France. 
Death of John Sobieski, king of Poland. 
Peter the Great takes Azov from the Turks. 

1697. Taking of Barcelona by the French. France makes peace at 

Ryswick with Holland, Spain, and England, Sept. 21 (old 
style, 11),* and with the German Empire, Oct. 30; the 
recent French conquests surrendered; Charles IV., duke 
of Lorraine, placed in possession of his dominions. 

* The date that has passed into history is Sept. 20 (10). The plenipotentiaries 
met on that day, but it was after midnight when the first of the treaties was signed. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 89 

1697. Charles XII. succeeds his fathei', Charles XI., in Sweden. 
Frederick Augustus I. of Saxony is elected king of Poland 

as Augustus II. 
The forces of Leopold I., under Prince Eugene of Savoy, 
annihilate the Turkish army at Zenta, Sept. 11. 

1698. Treaty between Louis XIV. and William III. for the partition 

of Spain on the death of Charles II. 
Revolt of the Strelitzes in Russia. Russia and Turkey sign a 

truce at Carlowitz, Dec. 
Establishment of an English factory at Calcutta. 

1699. Peace of Carlowitz between the Turks and Austria, Poland, 

and Venice ; Hungary between the Danube and Theiss 
given up by the Turks; Transylvania secured to Leopold 
I. ; a large part of the Ukraine, lost by Poland in 1672, 
restored to that. kingdom; the Morea ceded to Venice. 

The French begin the settlement of Louisiana. 

Death of Racine. 

1700. Second Partition Treaty between Louis XIV. and William 

III. 

Charles II., the last of the Hapsburg dynasty in Spain, dies, 
Nov. 1, after appointing as his successor Philip of Anjou, 
grandson of Louis XIV., who is proclaimed at Fontaine- 
bleau and Madrid as Philip V. (Bourbon djniasty in Spain). 
The throne is claimed by the archduke Charles of Austria, 
second son of Leopold I. 

Russia, Poland, and Denmark enter into a joint war against 
Sweden. Charles XII. attacks Copenhagen, and forces the 
Danes to the peace of Travendal. He overwhelms the 
army of Peter the Great at Narva, Nov. 30. 

Pope Clement XL succeeds Innocent XII. 

Foundation of the institution afterward named Yale College, 

Death of Dryden. 

1701. Passage of the Act of Settlement in England ; the crown to 

pass, on the death without issue of William III.'s suc- 
cessor, Anne (daughter of James II.), to Sophia, grand- 
daughter of James L, electress dowager of Hanover. 
Philip V. enters Madrid. Beginning of the War of the 
Spanish Succession. Brilliant campaign of the Austrian 
general. Prince Eugene of Savoy, in Italy. He defeats 
Villeroi at Chiari, Sept. The emperor Leopold I. and 
William III. of England and Holland form the Grand 
Alliance against Louis XIV. and Philip V., who are sup- 



90 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1701. ported hj Savoy, some of the German states, and other 
allies. 

Death of James II. His son, James Edward (the first Pre- 
tender), is recognized as his successor by Louis XIV. 

Frederick III., elector of Brandenburg, crowns himself king 
of Prussia as Frederick I., Jan. 18. 

Charles XII. defeats the Poles and Saxons. 

1702. Death of "William III., March 8 (new style, 19); accession 

of Queen Anne, daughter of James II. ; the grand-pension- 
ary Hemsius conducts the affairs of the Netherlands ; the 
succession to the possessions of the House of Orange dis- 
puted. 

Prince Eugene takes Villeroi prisoner at Cremona. He is 
checked by Vendome. Successful campaign of Churchill 
(Marlborough) in the Netherlands. Battle of Friedlingen 
between Villains and Louis of Baden. Naval triumph of 
the English and Dutch over the Spaniards and French at 
Vigo. 

Insurrection of the Camisards, or Protestant inhabitants of 
the Cevennes. 

Charles XII. enters Warsaw. He defeats the army of Augus- 
tus II. at Kliszow. He enters Cracow. 

Queen Anne's War in America (terminated by the treaty of 
Utrecht in 1713). The French found a settlement on the 
Mobile River, Alabama (transferred to the present site of 
MobUe in 1711). 

1703. The Dutch military engineer Coehorn reduces Bonn. Villars 

crosses the Rhine, and vmites with the army of Maximilian 

Emanuel, elector of Bavaria. The Bavarians invade Tyrol. 

The French general Tallard is victorious on the Rhine. 

Victor Amadeus II. in the alliance against France. 
Francis Rakoczy excites an insurrection in Hungary against 

Leopold I. 
Charles XII. defeats the army of Augustus H. at Pultusk. 
Foundation of St. Petersburg by Peter the Great. 

1704. The Hungarian insurgent forces advance to the neighborhood 

of Vienna. 

Conquest of Gibraltar by the English. Victory of Marlborough 
and Prince Eugene over the French general Tallard and the 
elector of Bavaria at Hochstadt (battle of Blenheim), Aug. 13 
(new style). Villars subdues the Camisards. 

Charles XII, deprives Augustus II. of the crown of Poland, 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 91 

1704. and brings about the election of Stanislas Leszczynski. 
Peter the Great takes Dorpat and Narva. 

Massacre at Deerfleld, Massachusetts. 
Death of Locke. 
1704-1705. The French and Spaniards fail in an attempt to recon- 
quer Gibraltar. 

1705. Invasion of Spain by the earl of Peterborough and Sir Cloudes- 

ley Shovel. Battle of Cassano between Prince Eugene 
and Vendome. Surrender of Barcelona to the English. 
Joseph I. succeeds his father, Leopold I., in Germany and the 
Austrian possessions, May 5. 

1706. Barcelona is unsuccessfully besieged by the French and Span- 

iards. Victory of Marlborough over the French, under 
Villeroi, and the Bavarians at Eamillies, May 23 (new 
style). Madrid is occupied for the archduke Charles, who 
proclaims himself king there, but is soon forced to with- 
draw. Victory of Prince Eugene at Turin. He occupies 
Milan. 
Charles XII. defeats the forces of Augustus II. at Fraustadt. 
He occupies Saxony, and dictates the i^eace of Altrau- 
stadt. 

1707. Legislative union of England and Scotland. 

Victory of the French general Berwick at Almanza, April 
25 (old style, 14). Unsuccessful attack on Toulon by the 
allies. Conquest of the kingdom of Naples by the Impe- 
rialists. 

Death of Vauban. 

1708. Victory of Marlborough and Prince Eugene at Oudenarde over 

the dukes of Bui^gundy and Vendome, July 11 (new style). 
Sir John Leake takes possession of Sardinia. Gallant de- 
fense of Lille by Boufiers. Fall of that city. 
Charles XII. invades Russia. 

1709. Victory of Marlborough and Prince Eugene over Villars at 

Malplaquet, Sept. 11 (new style). 

Peter the Great annihilates the army of Charles XII. at Pol- 
tava, July 8. Flight of Charles into Turkish territory. 
Augustus II. recovers Poland. The Danes invade Swe- 
den. 

Suppression of the convent of Port Roj-al des Champs. 

1710. Fall of Godolphin and the Whig ministry; Harley and Bo- 

lingbi^oke come into power. 
Victory of Starhemberg at Saragossa, Aug. The archduke 



92 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1710. Charles entere Madrid. He is forced to abandon the city, 
which is re-entered by Philip. Battle of Villaviciosa be- 
tween Vendome and Starhemberg, Dec. 10. 

Stenbock exj)els the Danes from Sweden. 

1711. Harley (earl of Oxford) is made lord high treasurer of Great 

Britain. Marlborough, after further successes in Flanders, 
is removed from his command. 

Death of the emperor Joseph I. , April 17 ; his brother, Charles, 
his successor in the Austrian possessions. Treaty of Szatmar 
with the Hungarian insurgents. Charles is elected em- 
peror of Germany (Charles VI.), Oct. 12; his rival, Philip 
V. , firmly established on the throne of Spain. 

The Turks, having taken up arms for Charles XII. , almost 
achieve the ruin of Peter the Gi'eat, who is hemmed in at 
the river Pruth. They make peace, and recover Azov and 
other places. 

Unsuccessful expedition of the English and New England 
forces, under Walker, against Canada. 

Addison publishes the "Spectator" (finally discontinued in 
1714). 

Publication of Pope's "Essay on Criticism." 

Death of Boileau. 

1712. Armistice between France and England. Campaign of Prince 

Eugene in French Flanders. 
War of Toggenburg (second Toggenburg War) between the 
Catholic and Reformed cantons of Switzerland. 

1713. The treaty of Utrecht, signed April 11, or, according to old 

style, March 31 (acceded to by Spain some months later), 
virtually terminates the War of the Spanish Succession. 
France, Spain, England, Holland, Prussia, Savoy, and 
Portugal make peace. (The struggle continued for a time 
by France against Austria and the German Empire.) Philip 
V. recognized as king of Spain ; the Spanish Netherlands, 
Naples, the Milanese, and Sardinia awarded to Austria (see 
1714) ; Acadia (Nova Scotia, &c.) ceded to England by 
France (which also restores the Hudson Bay region) ; the 
sole sovereignty over Newfoundland secured to England ; 
Gibraltar and Minorca ceded to England by Spain ; Sicily 
ceded by Spain to Savoy ; Neufchatel secured to Prussia. 

Frederick William I. succeeds his father, Frederick I., in 
Prussia, Feb. 25. 

Charles VI. issues the Pragmatic Sanction to secure the sue- 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 93 

1713. cession in his liereditaiy dominions to the female line in 
default of male issue. 

The Swedish general Stenhock surrenders at Tonningen to 

the Danish, Saxon, and Russian forces. 
Condemnation of Jansenism by Clement XI. 
The power of the Tuscaroras is broken by the Carolinians. 

1714. George I., elector of Hanover, succeeds Queen Anne in Great 

Britain, Aug. 1. 

Treaty of Eastadt between Austria and France, March, fol- 
lowed by the treaty of Baden (in Aargau) between the Ger- 
man Empire and France; the Spanish Netherlands, Na- 
ples, the Milanese, and Sardinia secured to Austria, which 
recovers Freiburg and Breisach; Landau retroceded to 
France. 

The French and Spanish forces take Barcelona, which is de- 
prived of its liberties. Marriage of Philip V. with Elizabeth 
Farnese. 

Charles XII. returns to his kingdom. 

1715. Impeachment of Oxford and Bolingbroke. Rebellion in 

Scotland and the north of England in favor of James 
Edward Stuart. Formation of the Walpole ministry. 
Overthrow of the Jacobites. 

Louis XV. succeeds his great-grandfather, Louis XIV., Sept. 
1 ; the duke of Orleans regent. 

Barrier Treaty between Austria, Holland, and England, giv- 
ing the Dutch the right to garrison certain places in the 
Austrian Netherlands. 

Frederick William I. declares war against Sweden. He takes 
Sti'alsund, Dec. 

The Turks reconquer the Morea from the Venetians. 

Death of Fenelon. ^ 

1716. Passage of the Septennial Act by Parliament, fixing the limit 

of the duration of a Parliament at seven years. 
John Law establishes his bank in Paris. 
Charles XII. unsuccessfully invades Norway. 
Austria makes war on Turkey. Victory of Prince Eugene 

at Peterwardein, Aug. 5. 
Death of Leibnitz. 

1717. Triple alliance between France, Great Britain, and Holland. 
Dismissal of Walpole. 

Philip V. of Spain, at the instigation of Alberoni, occupies 
Sardijiia. 



94 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1717. Prince Eugene defeats the Turks at Belgrade, Aug. 16, and 

enters that city, Aug. 18. 

1718. The Spaniards invade Sicily. Quadruple alliance between 

Great Britain, France, Austria, and Holland against Spain. 
Defeat of the Spanish fleet off Cape Passaro. 

Peace of Passarowitz between Turkey, Austria, and Venice, 
July 21 ; Turkey cedes the Banat, part of Servia, with Bel- 
grade, and parts of Bosnia and Wallachia to Charles VI. ; 
she retains the Morea. 

Charles XII. attempts the conquest of NorT\^ay, and is killed 
while besieging Frederikshald, Dec. 11. His sister, Ulrica 
Eleonora, is declared his successor. 

French settlement at New Orleans. 

1719. The French forces, under Berwick, attack Spain. Philip V. 

dismisses his minister Alberoni. 
Execution of the Swedish prime-minister Gortz. Treaty be- 
tween Sweden and George I. ; the duchies of Bremen and 
Verden ceded to Hanover (having been already a few 
years in her possession). 

1720. The South Sea Company assumes the discharge of the British 

national debt. Bvirsting of the South Sea Bubble. 

Failure of Law's Mississippi Scheme in France. 

Victor Amadeus II. of Savoy cedes Sicily to Austria in ex- 
change for Sardinia. The dominions of Savoy become the 
kingdom of Sardinia. 

Treaty of Stockholm between Sweden and Prussia; Sweden 
cedes a great part of Hither Pomerania. Ulrica Eleonora 
gives over the government of Sweden to her husband, 
Frederick of Hesse-Cassel. 

1721. Walj)ole again iirime-minister. 
Financial bankruptcy in France. 

Treaty of Nystad between Sweden and Russia ; Livonia, Es- 

thonia, Ingria, and Karelia secured to Russia. 
Pope Innocent XIII. succeeds Clement XI. 

1722. Discovery of a Jacobite plot against George I. 
Peter the Great makes war on Persia. 

Establishment of the Moravian settlement at Herrnhut under 
the auspices of Count Zinzendorf . 

1723. Death of the regent Orleans. 

Peter the Great secures large territories from Persia. 

1724. Formal publication of the Pragmatic Sanction by Charles 

VI. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 95 

1724. Philip V. resigns the government of Spain in favor of his 

son, Luis, but resumes it on the latter's death. 
Pope Benedict XIII. succeeds Innocent XIII. 

1725. Signing of a treaty of alliance at Vienna between Austria 

and Spain. England, France, and Prussia form a counter 
alliance in the Hanover Treaty. 
Peter the Great is succeeded by his wife, Catharine I. 

1726. Fleury assumes the conduct of afPaire in France. 
Accession of Russia to the Vienna alliance. Treaty of Wus- 

terhausen between Prussia and Austria. 

1727. Gibraltar is unsuccessfully besieged by the Spaniards. 
George II. succeeds his father, George I., June 11 (new style, 

22). 
Death of Catharine I. of Russia. Accession of Peter II., 

grandson of Peter the Great. 
Death of Isaac Newton. 

1728. A congress of the Great Powers assembles at Soissons. 
Behring disco vei-s the strait connecting the Arctic with the 

Pacific Ocean. 

1729. Treaty of Seville between Spain, Great Britain, and France. 
Corsica rebels against Genoa. 

Carolina is purchased by the crown. (Two royal provinces 
constituted, North and South Carolina.*) 

1730. Peter II. of Russia is succeeded by Anne, niece of Peter I. 
Pope Clement XII. succeeds Benedict XIII. 

Laying out of Baltimore. 

1731. Parma and Piacenza, on the extinction of the male line of 

the Farnese family, are conferred vipon Don Carlos, son of 
Philip V. of Spain and Elizabeth Farnese. 
Death of Defoe. 
1731-1732. Expulsion of the Protestants from Salzburg. 

1732. Oglethorpe embarks from England wdth a party of colonists 

to found a settlement in Georgia. 

1733. Death of Augustus II., king of Poland and elector of Saxony, 

Feb. 1. His son, Frederick Augustus II. , succeeds m Saxony. 
The Poles elect (Sept.) their former king, Stanislas Lesz- 
czynski, who is supported by his son-in-law, Louis XV. of 
France, seconded by Spain and Sardinia. A fraction of 
the Polish nobility, backed by a Russian army, and sup- 
ported also by Austria, elects Frederick Augustus II. of 

* Under tlie proprietorship there had been two separate governments for the region. 



96 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1733. Saxony (as king of Poland Augustus III.), Oct. Stanislas 
is exx^ellecl. Beginning of the so-called War of the Polish 
Succession. The French occupy Lorraine, and take Kehl. 
Charles Emanuel III. of Sardinia and the French invade 
Lombardy. Occupation of Milan. 

Oglethorj)e founds Savannah. 

1734. Campaign of the Austrians against France and Sardinia in 

northern Italy. Don Carlos, son of Philip V., undertakes 
the conquest of the Two Sicilies. He enters Naples, and 
proclaims himself king. The Austrian army is vanquished 
at Bitonto, May 25. Fall of Capua, Nov. 
The French forces, under Berwick, lay siege to Philippsburg ; 
Berwick is killed. Fall of that fortress. 

1735. Don Carlos completes the conquest of Sicily, and is crowned 

king of the Two Sicilies as Charles III. (Bourbon dynasty). 

Preliminary ti-eaty of Vienna ; Augustus III. acknowledged 
king of Poland ; Stanislas Leszczynski to succeed Francis 
Stephen * in the duchy of Lorraine on the extinction of the 
Medici Ime in Tuscany, that grand-duchy to be allotted in 
exchange to Francis Stephen ; Loi-raine to fall to France 
on the death of Stanislas ; Charles III. to retain the Two 
Sicilies ; Parma and Piacenza to be ceded to Austria. 

Publication of the ' ' Systema Naturae " of Linnaeus. 

1736. The Russians make war on Turkey, and take Azov. 

End of the Suffavean (Sofi) dynasty in Persia; Nadir Shah 
(Kuli Khan) placed on the throne. 

1737. Stanislas Leszczynski succeeds Francis Stephen in Lorraine. 
Extinction of the Medici dynasty in Tuscany ; Francis Stephen 

grand-duke. 
Charles YI. makes war on Turkey. 
Opening of the University of Gottingen, founded by George 

II. 

1738. Definitive treaty of Vienna between Charles VI. and France, 

Nov. (Acceded to by Sardinia and Sixain in 1739.) 
Nadu' Shah conquers Afghanistan. 
Death of Boerhaave. 

1739. England declares war against Spain. Taking of Porto Bello 

by Admiral Vernon. 
Peace of Belgrade between Austria and the Turks, who re- 
cover Belgrade and adjoining Servian territories, &c. 

* Afterward emperor of Germaay as Francis I. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 97 

1739. The Russians, aftei* a victorious advance under Mlinnich, 

make peace with Turkey. 
Nadir Shah, the ruler of Persia, overthrows the power of the 

Great Mo^l, and enters Delhi. He replaces the Great 

Mogul on his throne. 
Publication of Hume's " Treatise of Human Nature." 

1740. Frederick II., the Great, succeeds his father, Frederick Will- 

iam I., May 31. 

Death of Charles VI., Oct. 20. His daughter, Maria Theresa, 
succeeds in his hereditary dominions. The succession is 
disputed by Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria, and Au- 
gustus III. of Poland and Saxony. Spain claims a part of 
the Austrian dominions. Frederick the Great demands the 
cession of Silesia, and invades that province, Dec. Begin- 
ning of the War of the Austrian Succession. 

Death of the empress Anne of Russia. Her grand-nephew, 
the infant Ivan VI., succeeds under the regency of Biron. 

Pope Benedict XIV. succeeds Clement XII. 

Nadir Shah conquers the rulers of Bokhara and Khiva. 

1741. Victory of Frederick the Great over the Austrians at Moll- 

witz, April 10. France takes up arms for the elector 
Charles Albert, and concludes an alliance with him and 
Spain at Njonphenburg, May. Alliance between England 
and Austria. Charles Albert invades the Austrian do- 
minions. Maria Theresa appeals to the Hungarian Diet at 
Presburg. Bohemia overrun by the Bavarian, French, and 
Saxon armies. Fall of Prague, Nov. 26. 

War between Sweden and Russia. 

Deposition of the infant czar, Ivan VI. Elizabeth, daughter 
of Peter the Great, is proclaimed his successor. 

Vernon unsuccessfully attacks Cartagena, New Granada. 

New Hampshire is finally separated from Massachusetts. 

1742. Fall of the Walpole ministry, Feb. Formation of the Wil- 

mington ministiy. 

Charles Albert, elector of Bavaria, is chosen emperor of Ger- 
many (Charles VII.), Jan. 24. Invasion of Bavaria by the 
Austrians. Victory of Frederick the Great over the Aus- 
trians at Chotusitz, May 17. Treaty of Breslau; Avistria 
cedes most of Silesia to Prussia. Retreat of the French, 
under Belleisle, from Prague. 

Dupleix is made governor of the French possessions in India. 

1743. Death of Cardmal Fleury. 



98 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1743. The Austrians occupy Bavaria. The English, under George 

II., defeat the French, under Noailles, at Dettingen, June 
27 (old style, 16). The Wilmington ministry is succeeded 
by that tinder Pelham. Saxony and Sardinia join the Aus- 
trian alliance. 
Treaty of Abo between Eussia and Sweden. 

1744. Defeat of the English fleet before Toulon. Successes of the 

French in the Austi-ian Netherlands. Charles III. of 
Naples, after having been forced into neutrality by the 
English in 1742, again takes up arms against Austria, and 
is victorious at Velletri. Frederick II. invades Bohemia 
(Second Silesian War). Victory of the French and Span- 
iards over Charles Emanuel III. of Sardinia near Coni. 

Beginning of Kmg George's War in America (terminated by 
the peace of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748). 

Death of Pope. 

1745. Scotland rises for the Young Pretender, Charles Edward. He 

is victorious at Prestonpans, Sept. 21, and advances into 
the heart of England, but is forced to retreat. 

Death of the eipperor Charles VII., Jan. 20. His successor 
in Bavaria, Maximilian Joseph, makes peace with Maria 
Theresa. Victory of the French, under Marshal Saxe, over 
the English, Hanoverians, Dutch, and Austrians, under 
the duke of Cumberland, at Fontenoy, May 11 (old style, 
April 30). Victory of Frederick the Great at Hohenfried- 
berg, June 4. Francis Stephen, grand-duke of Tuscany, 
husband of Maria Theresa, is elected emperor of Germany 
(Francis I.), Sept. 13. The Prussians, under Leopold of 
Dessau, defeat the Saxons at Kesselsdorf, Dec. 15. Treaty 
of Dresden between Austria, Saxony, and Prussia ; end of 
the Second Silesian War. 

The Italian possessions of Austria occupied by her enemies. 

The British colonists of America, under Sir William Pepperell, 
seconded by a British fleet under Warren, reduce Louis- 
burg, June 17. (The place restored to France in 1748.) 

Death of Swift. 
1745 {about). Rise of the sect of the Wahabees. 

1746. Victory of Charles Edward at Falkirk, Jan. He is over- 

thrown at Culloden by the duke of Cumberland, April 16 
(new style, 27). 
Successful campaign of the Austrians in Italy. They occupy 
Genoa, the republic having joined the anti-Austrian 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 99 

1746. league, but are soon expelled. Mai-shal Saxe, after reducing 
the principal towns of the Austrian Netherlands, defeats 
the allied army, under Charles of Lorraine, in the battle of 
Raucoux, Oct. 11. 

Ferdinand VI. succeeds his father, Philip V., in Spain, 

July 9. 
Labourdonnais takes Madras. 

1747. Genoa is unsuccessfully invested by the Austrians and Sar- 

dinians. Naval victory of the English, under Admiral An- 
son, over the French off Cape Finisterre. Mai'shal Saxe 
defeats the duke of Cumberland at Lawfeld, July 2 (new 
style). The French take Bergen-op-Zoom. Admiral Ha wke 
defeats the French fleet off Belle-Isle. The Empress Eliza- 
beth of Russia sets an army on foot for the support of 
Maria Theresa. 

Briihl becomes prime minister in Saxony. 

Death of Le Sage. 

1748. Maestricht is taken by Marshal Saxe. The peace of Aix-la- 

Chapelle, Oct. 18 (old style, 7), terminates the War of the 
Austrian Succession ; the basis of settlement being the 
mutual restitution of conquests, but not in regard to Aus- 
tria, which, besides confirming Silesia to Frederick the 
Great, cedes Parma and Piacenza, as well as Guastalla 
(taken possession of by Austria on the extinction of the 
ducal line in 1746), to Don Philip, brother of Ferdinand 
VI. of Spain. 

Successful defence of Pondicherry by Dupleix against Bos- 
cawen and Lawrence. 

Publication of Montesquieu's "Esprit des lois." 

Death of Thomson. 

1749. The Ohio Company receives its grant from George II. 
Publication of Fielding's " Tom Jones " and of the first part 

of Buffon's " Histoire naturelle." 

1750. Death of Muratori and of J. S. Bach. 

1751. Adolphus Frederick, of the house of Holstein-Eutin, succeeds 

Frederick in Sweden. 
Clive takes Arcot, the capital of the Carnatic. 
The publication of the EncyclopecUe is begun by Diderot and 

D'Alembert. 

1752. The reform of the calendar goes into effect in Great Britain. 
The identity of lightning with electricity is fully demon- 

sti'ated by Franklin. 
8 



100 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1753. Kaunitz is appointed chancellor by Maria Theresa. 
Foundation of the British Museum. 

Death of Berkeley. 

1754. Death of Sir Henry Pelham, March. Formation of the New- 

castle ministry. 
Beginning of the French and Indian War in America. 
Death of Fielding. 

1755. Great earthquake at Lisbon, Nov. 1. 

Unsuccessful British expedition against Fort Duquesne. Brad- 
dock is overwhelmed on the banks of the Monongahela, 
July 9. Washington conducts the retreat. Abortive ex- 
pedition against the French forts of Niagara and Frontenac. 
Expedition of William Johnson against Crown Point. En- 
gagement between his forces and those of Dieskau on the 
shores of Lake George, Sept. 8; repulse of the French. 
Johnson abandons the attempt to reduce Crown Point. 
— Dispersion of the French colonists of Acadia. 

Death of Montesquieu. 

1756. Defensive treaty between England and Prussia. — The French 

attack Minorca ; Admiral Byng is defeated off that island, 
May ; it surrenders, June. — Treaty of alliance between 
France and Austria against Frederick the Great, con- 
cluded at Versailles, May. Beginning of the Seven Years' 
War between Austria, the German Empire, France (joined 
toward the close of the contest by Spain), Saxony, Russia, 
and Sweden, on the one side, and Prussia, England, Han- 
over, and a few of the smaller German states (also Portu- 
gal at the close of the contest), on the other. Fi'ederick 
the Great invades Saxony, Aug. He entere Bohemia, and 
defeats the Austrians, under Browne, at Lowositz, Oct. 1. 
Surrender of the Saxon army, Oct. 

Resignation of the British premier, the duke of Newcastle, 
Nov. William Pitt is appointed secretary of state, Dec. 

Surajah Dowlah, the subahdar of Bengal, takes Calcutta, and 
throws the English prisoners into the Black Hole. 

The forces of Montcalm take Fort Oswego. 

Publication of Voltaire's "Essai sur les moeurs et I'esprit des 
nations." 

1757. The German Diet levies an army against Frederick the Great. 

France and Sweden declare war against Prussia. Fred- 
erick defeats the Austrians, under Charles of Lorraine and 
Browne, at Prague, May 6. He besieges that city. His 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. Id 

1757. army is overwhelmed by the Austrians, under Daun, at 
Kolin, June 18. East Prussia is overrun by a Russian 
army. Victory of the French, under D'Estrees, at Hastem- 
beck, July 26, over the duke of Cumberland, who, in Sept. , 
is forced to conclude the convention of Kloster-Zeven. 
The Russians, under Apraxin, defeat the Prussian general 
Lehwald at Grossjagerndorf, Aug. 30. Victory of Fred- 
erick over the French and Imperialists, under Soubise, at 
Rossbach, Nov. 5. The Austrians, after occupying Silesia, 
are defeated at Leuthen, Dec. 5. 

Resignation of Pitt, April. Formation of the Newcastle and 
Pitt ministry, June ; Pitt at the head of the administra- 
tion as secretary of state. 

Clive retakes Calcutta and defeats Surajah Dowlah at Plas- 
sey, June 23. 

Montcalm takes Fort William Henry. 

1758. Ferdinand of Brunswick expels the French from Hanover, 

and defeats them at Crefeld, June 23. Frederick the Great 
defeats the Russians at Zorndorf, Aug. 25. He is defeated 
by Daun at Hochkirchen, Oct. 14. 

Pope Clement XIII. succeeds Benedict XIV. 

The French, under Lally, take Arcot, and lay siege to Mad- 
ras. (The siege raised in 1759.) 

Victory of Montcalm over Abercrombie at Ticonderoga, July 
8. Amherst and Boscawen reduce Louisburg ; it is occupied, 
July 27. The French lose Forts Frontenac and Duquesne. 

Death of Jonathan Edwards. 

1759. Victory of Ferdinand of Brunswick over the French at Min- 

den, Aug. 1. The Russians and Austrians, under Soltikoff 
and Laudon, annihilate the army of Frederick the Great 
at Kunersdorf, Aug. 12. Naval victory of the English, 
under Boscawen, over the French in the Bay of Lagos, 
Aug. Admiral Hawke defeats Conflans in the Bay of 
Quiberon, Nov. 20. The Prussian general Fink surrenders 
at Maxen, Nov. 21. 

Charles III. succeeds his brother, Ferdinand VI. , in Spain. 
Ferdinand IV., son of Charles III., becomes king of the 
Two Sicilies. 

King Joseph of Portugal, under the guidance of his minister 
Pombal, expels the Jesuits. 

The English take Guadeloupe from the French. (It is re- 
stored in 1763.) 



102 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1759. The French abandon Ticonderoga and Crown Point. They 

lose Fort Niagara. Successful invasion of Canada by 
Wolfe. Battle on the Plains of Abraham, Sept. 13 ; Wolfe 
and Montcalm fall. Surrender of Quebec. 
Death of Handel. 

1760. Victory of Marshal Broglie at Corbach, July. Frederick the 

Great defeats Laudon at Liegnitz, Aug. Occupation of 
Berlin (for a few days) by the Russians and Austrians, Oct. 
Frederick is victorious over Daun at Tor'gau, Nov. 3. 

George III. succeeds his gi-andf atlier, George II. , Oct. 25. 

Fall of Montreal ; the British masters of Canada. 

1761. The English take the island of Belle-Isle. The Family Com- 

pact, an alliance of the Bourbon crowns, is negotiated by 
Choiseul, Aug. Frederick the Great confronts the Rus- 
sians, under Buturlin, and the Austrians, under Laudon, 
in his fortified camp at Bunzelwitz, Aug. -Sept. Storming 
of Schweidnitz by Laudon, Oct. 1. Surrender of Kolberg 
to the Russians, Dec. 

Surrender of Pondicherry to the English, Jan. (The place 
restored to the French in the peace of 1763.) 

Pitt resigns the office of secretary of state, Oct. 

The Mahrattas are overwhelmed by the Afghans, under 
Ahmed Shah, at Paniput, Jan. 

Death of Richardson. 

1762. England declares war against Spain, Jan. Death of the 

Empress Elizabeth of Russia, Jan. 5. She is succeeded by 
Peter III. , of the house of Holstein-Gottorp, who goes over 
to the side of Frederick the Great. The English conquer 
Martinique from the French. (It is restored in 1763.) The 
Spaniards invade Portugal. Sweden withdraws from the 
war against Frederick. Peter III. is deposed by his wife, 
Catharine II., who usui'ps the throne, July 9. Peter is 
strangled, July 17. Victory of Frederick at Burkei-sdorf, 
July 21. The English reduce Havana, Aug. Henry, 
brother of Frederick, is victorious at Freiberg, Oct. Pre- 
liminaries of peace between England, France, Spain, and 
Portugal are signed at Fontainebleau, Nov. 3. 

Newcastle is succeeded by Bute as head of the English min- 
istry. May. 

Publication of Rousseau's " Contrat social." 

1763. Peace of Paris between England, France, Spain, and Portu- 

gal, Feb. 10 : Canada, together with Prince Edward Island 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 103 

1763. and Cape Breton, the region east of the Mississippi hitherto 
claimed by France, and the islands of Dominica, St. Vin- 
cent, and Tobago (the last previously neutral territory), 
ceded by France to England ; Florida ceded to England 
by Spain, which receives Louisiana from France ; Minorca 
restored to England ; Martinique, Guadeloupe, and Pon- 
dicherry restored to France, which receives Santa Lucia ; 
the French settlements on the Senegal ceded to England ; 
Goree restored to France. 

Peace of Hubertsburg between Prussia, Austria, and Saxony, 
Feb. 15; Silesia finally confirmed to Frederick the Great; 
end of the Seven Years' War. 

The Bute administration is succeeded by that of Grenville. 
Beginning of the pereecutions of John Wilkes by the Gov- 
ernment. 

Death of Augustus III. of Poland and Saxony. 

Pontiac's War ; the Indians unsuccessfully besiege the Eng- 
lish fort at Detroit. 

1764. Louis XV., under the guidance of Choiseul, suppresses the 

order of Jesuits in France. Death of Madame de Pompa- 
dour. 

Catharine II. of Russia secures the election of Stanislas 
Poniatowski as king of Poland. 

Publication of Beccaria's "Trattato dei delitti e delle pene." 

Settlement of St. Louis by the French. 

Death of Hogarth. 

1765. Passage of the Stamp Act by Parliament. The Eockingham 

ministry succeeds that of Grenville. 

The first colonial congress is held at New York. 

Joseph n. succeeds his father, Francis L, as emperor of Ger- 
many, Aug. 18. 

The Mogul emperor formally cedes Bengal, Behar, and Orissa 
to the English East India Company. 

Death of Edward Young. 

1766. Rei)eal of the Stamp Act. Fall of the Rockingham ministry ; 

Pitt premier. 
Death of Stanislas Leszczynski ; Lorraine is united with 

France. 
Publication of Lessing's ' ' Laocoon" and of Goldsmith's * ' Vicar 

of Wakefield." 

1767. The British Pai'liament imposes duties on paper, glass, tea., 

etc., imported into America. 



104 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1767. Charles III. of Spain, with the advice of his minister Aranda, 

orders the expulsion of the Jesuits. 
First war between the English and Hyder Ali, rajah of 

Mysore. (Peace made in 1769.) 
Hargi'eaves invents the spinning jenny. 

1768. Riots on the occasion of the imprisonment of John Wilkes. 

Retirement of Pitt from the British administration ; Graf- 
ton at the head of the ministiy. 

The British station a military force in Boston. 

The Polish patriots form the Confederation of Bar to resist the 
designs of Russia. Turkey declares war against Russia. 

Revolt of Ali Bey against the Porte in Egypt. 

Corsica is made over to France by Genoa. 

Cook sails on his fix'st voyage around the world. (He returns 
in 1771.) 

James Bruce sets out on his travels for the discovery of the 
sources of the Nile. 

Death of Sterne and of Winckelmann. 

1769. Appearance of the Letters of Junius. 

Defeat of Paoli and subjection of Corsica by the French. 
Victorious advance of the Russians through Moldavia. 
Pope Clement XIV. succeeds Clement XIII. 
Watt obtains his first patent for an improvement in the 

steam engine. 
Arlcwright patents his spinning frame. 
Death of Gellert. 

1770. The Grafton ministry is succeeded by that of Lord North, 

Jan. 

The Boston massacre, March 5. 

Successes of the Russians in Wallachia. The Russian fleet, 
under OrlofP and Elphinstone, defeats the Turkish fleet at 
Scio. Elphinstone burns the Turkish fleet at Tchesme, 
July. The Russian general Rumiantzeff defeats the Tar- 
tar khan of the Crimea, the vassal of the Porte, on the 
Pruth. He defeats the Turks on the Kagul. The Rus- 
sians, under Panin, storm Bender, Sept. 

Christian VII. of Denmark dismisses his minister Bernstorff. 
Struensee succeeds to his power. 

1771. The Russian general Dolgoruki storms the lines of Perekop, 

and occupies the Crimea. 
Gustavus HI. succeeds his father, Adolphus Frederick, in 
Sweden. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 105 

1771. Death of Gray and of Smollett. 

1772. First partition of Poland, between Catharine II., Maria The- 

resa, and Frederick the Great. Russia appropriates a con- 
siderable region on the Diina and the upper Dnieper; Prus- 
sia takes Polish or regal Prussia* (Thorn and Dantzic 
excepted) and adjoining territories; an extensive region 
bordermg on Hungary is annexed to the Austrian domin- 
ions and constituted into the kingdom of Galicia and Lodo- 
meria . Stanislas Poniatowski remains king of the remainder 
of Poland, including Warsaw. 

Stnaensee, after virtually ruling Denmark, dies on the scaffold. 

Warren Hastings is appointed president of the supreme coun- 
cil of Bengal. 

Death of Swedenborg. 

1773. Tea thrown overboard at Boston, Dec. 16. 

Clement XIV. pronounces the dissolution of the Jesuit order. 

Advance of the Russians through Bulgaria. They fail before 
Silistria and Varna. The Cossack PugatchefF (a pseudo 
Peter III.) raises a rebellion against Catharine II. 

Fall of Ali Bey. 

Oldenburg is given over by Denmark to the house of Holstein- 
Gottorp. 

1774. Parliament passes the Boston Port Bill, closing the port of 

that city. The fu-st Continental Congress meets at Phila- 
delphia, Sept. 5. 

Louis XVI. succeeds his grandfather, Louis XV., May 10; 
Maurepas his minister of state, Turgot minister of finance. 

Siege of Shumla by the Russians. They conclude peace with 
Turkey at Kutchuk-Kainarji ; Turkey renounces her suzer- 
ainty over the Crimea and other Tartar territories. 

Death of Pope Clement XIV. 

Warren Hastings becomes the first governor-general of India. 

Discovery of oxygen by Priestley. 

Death of Goldsmith. 

1775. Beginning of the American Revolution. Battle of Lexington, 

April 19. The second Continental Congress assembles at 
Philadelphia, May 10. Ethan Allen seizes Ticonderoga, 
May 10. Occupation of Crown Point, May 12. Mecklen- 
burg (N. C.) declaration of independence. May. Washing- 
ton is appointed commander-in-chief of the Continental 



* Now included in West Prussia and Ermeland. 



106 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1775. forces, June 15. Battle of Bunker Hill, June 17. Wash- 
ington conducts the siege of Boston. The Americans take 
Montreal, Nov. Unsuccessful assault on Quebec, Dec. 31 ; 
Montgomery killed. — Settlement of Kentucky by Daniel 
Boone and others. 

Execution of Pugatcheff . 
Election of Pope Pius VI. 

1776. General Howe evacuates Boston, March 17. Colonel Moultrie 

repulses the British at Charleston, June 28. The Conti- 
nental Congress adopts the Declai'ation of Independence 
July 4. The British, under Howe and Clinton, defeat the 
Americans, under Putnam and Sullivan, in the battle of 
Long Island, Aug. 27. The British occupy New York, 
Sept. 15. The forces of Howe defeat the Americans at 
White Plains, Oct. 28. The British take Fort Washing- 
ton, Nov. 16. Washington surprises the Hessians at Tren- 
ton, Dec. 26. 

Publication of Adam Smith's "Wealth of Nations" and of 
the fii'st volume of Gibbon's ' ' Decline and Fall of the Ro- 
man Empu'e." 

Death of Hume. 

1777. Victory of Washington at Princeton, Jan. 3. The British 

general Tryon burns Danbury, April. Burgoyne takes 
Ticonderoga, July. Victory of Stark at Bennington, Aug. 
16. Defeat of Washington by Howe in the battle of Bran- 
dywine, Sept. 11 ; Lafayette wounded. Battle of Stillwater 
between Burgoyne and Gates, Sept. 19. The British enter 
Philadelphia, Sept. 26. Repulse of Washington at German- 
town, Oct. 4. Battle of Saratoga (second battle of Still- 
water) between Burgoyne and Gates, Oct. 7. Surrender of 
Burgoyne at Saratoga, Oct. 17. Congress adopts the Arti- 
cles of Confederation, Nov. 15. Washington establishes his 
winter-quarters at Valley Forge, Dec. 

Louis XVI. appoints Necker minister of finance. 

Annexation of Bukowina to Austria. 

Death of Maximilian Jose]Dh, elector of Bavaria, w^ithout direct 
heii's, Dec. 

1778. France recognizes the independence of the United States, Jan. 

She concludes a treaty of amity and commerce with their 
commissioners, Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee, Feb. 
6. Death of Pitt, May 11. The British evacuate Philadel- 
phia, June. Engagement between Washmgton and Clinton 



CHROXOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 107 

1773, at Monmouth, June 28. The French fleet, under D'Estaing, 
entei"s Delaware Bay, July. France declares war against 
England, July 10. Massacre of Wyoming, July. Battle 
of Rhode Island between Sullivan and Pigot, Aug. 29. The 
British enter Savannah, Dec. 29. 

Beginning of the contest known as the War of the Bavarian 
Succession. Austria attempts to enforce her pretensions to 
a portion of the Bavarian territories, while upholding the 
lawful claimant to the throne, Charles Theodore, elector 
palatine, and is opposed by Prussia. 

The Hawaiian Islands are rediscovered by Cook. 

Death of Linnaeus, of Voltaire, and of Rousseau. 

1779. Victory of the British, under Prevost, at Brier Creek, March 

3. The Americans, under Wayne, storm Stony Point, July 
16. Victory of Paul Jones off Flamborough Head, Sept. 23. 
The British repulse an assault on Savannah, Oct. 9. 

Spain declares war against England, June 16. The Spanish 
and French fleets undertake the blockade of Gibraltar. 

The treaty of Teschen closes the War of the Bavarian Succes- 
sion ; Charles Theodore recognized as ruler ; the Palatinate 
of the Rhine united with Bavaria. 

Death of Garrick. 

1780. Surrender of Lincoln at Charleston to Clinton, May 12. De- 

feat of Gates by Cornwallis in the first battle of Camden, 
Aug. 16. Arnold makes an agreement to deliver West 
Point to the British, Sept. Execution of Major Andre, 
Oct. 2. Defeat of the British at King's Mountain, Oct. 7. 

Rodney defeats the Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, Jan. 

Gordon (''no popery") riots in London, June. 

England declares war against Holland, Dec. 

Death of Maria Theresa, Nov. 29. Her son, the emperor 
Joseph II., succeeds in her hereditary dominions. He un- 
dertakes a complete reform in his states. 

Outbreak of a new war between Hyder Ali and the English. 

1781. Victory of the Americans, under Morgan, over the British, 

under Tarleton, at Cowpens, Jan. 17. The ratification of 
the Articles of Confederation by the states of the Union 
completed, March 1. Defeat of Greene by Cornwallis at 
Guilford Court House, March 15. Rawdon is victorious 
over Greene at Hobkii-k's Hill (second battle of Camden), 
April 25. Arnold takes New London and Fort Griswold, 
and bui'ns New London, Sept. Battle of Eutaw Springs be- 



108 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1781. tween Greene and Stuart, Sept. 8. Washington and Ro- 
clianibeau, aided by a fleet under De Grasse, besiege Corn- 
wallis in Yorktown, Oct. Surrender of Cornwallis, Oct. 19. 

Bombardment of Gibraltar by the Spanish vessels, April- 
Nov. Naval action between the English and Dutch off 
Doggerbank, Aug. 5. 

Resignation of Necker, May. 

Joseph II. issues an edict of toleration. 

Discovery of Uranus by Herschel. 

Publication of Kant's " Kritik der rein en Vernunft" and of 
the first of Schiller's dramas, " Die Rauber." 

Death of Lessing. 

1782. Fall of the North ministry, March. The second Rockingham 

administration follows, succeeded, in July, by the Shelburne 
ministry. Victory of Admiral Rodney over De Grasse in 
the Antilles, April 12. The British evacuate Savannah, 
July. Great cannonade of Gibraltar by the French and 
Spanish batteries, Sept. 13 ; successful resistance of Eliott. 

John Adams, Franklin, Jay, and Laurens sign a preliminary 
treaty of peace with Great Britain, Nov. 30. The British 
evacuate Charleston, Dec. 14. 

Grattan and his followers secure the independence of the Irish 
Parliament. 

Tippoo Saib succeeds his father, Hyder Ali, in Mysore. 

1783. End of the Shelburne administration, Feb. Formation of the 

"Coalition Ministry" of Portland, Fox, and North, April. 
Peace of Versailles between Great Britain, the United States, 
France, and Spain, Sept. 3. Great Britain recognizes the 
independence of the United States ; she restores Florida and 
Minorca to Spam, and cedes Tobago to France. Evacuation 
of New York by the British, Nov. 25. Dismissal of the ' ' Co- 
alition Ministry," Dec. The younger Pitt becomes prime 
minister. 

Louis XVI. appoints Calonne minister of finance. 

Incorporation of the Crimea with the Russian Empire. 

Successful introduction of the balloon by the brothers Mont- 
golfler. 

Death of Euler and of D'Alembert. 

1784. England concludes peace with Holland. Creation of the 

Board of Control for the affairs of India. 
Frederick (VI.) becomes regent of Denmark for his father, 
Christian VII. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 109 

1784. Tippoo Saib makes peace with the English. 
Death of Diderot and of Johnson. 

1785. La Perouse sails on his great voyage of exploration to the 

Pacific. 

1786. Outbreak of Shays's rebellion in Massachusetts. 
Impeachment of Warren Hastings ; the articles of impeach- 
ment presented by Burke. 

Frederick William II. succeeds his uncle, Frederick the Great, 

Aug. 17. 
Death of Moses Mendelssohn. 

1787. Suppression of Shays's rebellion. Framing of the constitution 

of the United States by the convention assembled at Phila^ 
delphia. Congress undertakes the government of the North- 
west Territory. 

The Assembly of Notables meets at Vereailles, Feb. Dismissal 
of Calonne; Lomenie de Brienne made minister of finance. 
Dissolution of the Assembly of Notables. Lomenie de Bri- 
enne is appointed to the office of chief minister. 

Tui'key declares war against Russia. Joseph II. begins a war 
against Turkey by an unsuccessful attempt to seize Bel- 
grade. 

The anti-Orange party in Holland is crushed by a Prussian 
army. 

Death of Gluck. 

1788. A majority of the United States ratify the Constitution. (Rhode 

Island the last to ratify, 1790.) — Foundation of Cincinnati. 
The trial of Warren Hastings begins, Feb. (He is acquitted 

in 1795.) George III. becomes insane, Nov. (Temporary 

recovery, 1789.) 
Dismissal of Lomenie de Brienne by Louis XVI., Aug. ; 

Necker chief minister. New Assembly of Notables, Nov.- 

Dec. 
Death of Charles III. of Spain, Dec. 13. He is succeeded by 

his son, Charles IV. 
Sweden declares war against Russia. 
The Russians, under Potemkin, storm Otchakov, Dec. 
The English establish a penal settlement in Australia. 
Death of Buffon. 

1789. Washington is elected president of the United States. The 

Continental Congress is superseded by the first Congress 
under the Constitution. Inauguration of Washington in 
New York, April 30. 



110 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1789. Beginning of the Fi'ench Revolution, Opening session of the 

States General at Versailles, May 5. The commons (Third 
Estate), on the motion of Sieyes, constitute themselves the 
National Assembly (Constituent Assembly), June 17. Many 
deputies from the clergy and nobility vmite within a few 
days with the commons. The Assembly, under the lead of 
Mirabeau, refuses to obey the king's command to withdraw 
from its position, June 23. On the demand of Louis XVI., 
the two upper orders join the Third Estate, June 37. The 
king dismisses Necker, July 11. Formation of the National 
Guard, Jvily 13. Storming of the Bastille by the populace, 
July 14, followed by its destruction. Lafayette is appointed 
commander of the National Guard, July 15. The emigra- 
tion of the nobles begins. Necker is recalled to office, July 
28. The Constituent Assembly abolishes feudal rights and 
privileges, Aug. 4. Declaration of the Rights of Man 
adopted, Aug. The Assembly decrees that the legislative 
power be vested in a single Chamber of Deputies, Sept. 
Louis XVI. accepts the decrees of the Assembly, Oct. March 
of the Parisian populace to Versailles, and tumult there, 
Oct. 5, 6. The king and Assembly remove to Paris. The 
Assembly decrees the transfer of the ecclesiastical property 
to the state, Nov. 2. 

Revolt of the Austrian (Belgian) Netherlands. 

The Austrians and Russians, under the prince of Coburg and 
Suvaroff, defeat the Turks at Fokshani. The Austrians take 
Belgrade, the Russians Bender. 

Alexander Mackenzie discovers and explores the Mackenzie 
River. 

1790. The seat of government of the United States is removed from 

New York to Philadelphia. (See 1800.) Unsuccessful ex- 
pedition of Harmar against the Indians of the Northwest 
Territory. 

Division of France (including Corsica) into departments, Jan. 
The Constituent Assembly abolishes the succession by pri- 
mogeniture, Feb. Suppression of titles of nobility, June. 
The civil constitution of the clergy is decreed, July 12. 
Federation Fete on the Champ de Mars, July 14. Necker 
is again dismissed, Sept. Suppression of the parliaments, 
Sept. First issue of assignats, Sept. 

Joseph II. revokes his arbitrary enactments respecting Hun- 
gary. Death of the emperor, Feb, 20. His brother, Leo- 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. m 

1790. pold, succeeds in his hereditary dominions, and is elected 
emperor of Germany as Leopold II., Sept. 30. The Aus- 
trians reoccupy Brussels, Dec. ; the Belgian insurgents sub- 
dued. 

Gustavus III. of Sweden achieves a great naval victory over 
the Russians in the Gulf of Finland, July. He concludes 
peace, Aug. 

Suvaroff storms Ismail, Dec. 22. 

War between the English and Tippoo Saib. 

Fitch introduces steam navigation on the Delaware. (Soon 
abandoned.) 

Publication of Goethe's "Faust" (in an incomplete form). 

Death of Franklin and of Adam Smith. 

1791. Admission of Vermont into the Union. Congress charters the 

Bank of the United States (at Philadelphia). Defeat of St. 
Clair by the Miamis, Nov. 4. 

Death of Mirabeau, April 2. The royal family attempt a se- 
cret flight from France, June 20. They are turned back at 
Varennes, June 21. Leopold II. and Frederick William II. 
hold a convention at Pillnitz, and issue a declaration prom- 
ising support to the emigres against the revolution, Aug. 27, 
The French Assembly completes the constitution, Sept. 3. 
Louis XVI. takes the oath to it, Sept. 14. The incorpora- 
tion of Avignon and Venaissin vnth France is decreed, 
Sept, Last session of the Constituent Assembly, Sept. 30. 
Opening of the Legislative Assembly, Oct. 1. 

A new sanction is giv^en to the constitutional liberties of Hun- 
gary by Leopold II. The Protestants secure their rights. 

Austria concludes peace with Turkey at Sistova, Aug. 

A liberal constitution is promulgated in Poland. 

Division of Canada into Upper and Lower Canada. 

Outbreak of the insurrection of the blacks in the French por- 
tion of Hayti. The mulattoes take up arms against the 
whites. 

Galvani publishes his discoveries in animal electricity. 

Appearance of Thomas Paine's "Rights of Man." 

Death of Wesley and of Mozart. 

1792. Admission of Kentucky into the Union. Establishment of 

the national mint at Philadelphia. 
Confiscation of the property of the French emigres, Feb. 
Louis XVI. forms a Girondist ministry, March. Adoption 
of the guillotine, March. The king is forced to declare war 



112 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1792. against Austria, April 20. Campaign of the French and 
Austrians in Flanders. Victor Amadeus III. of Sardinia 
joins tlie coalition of Austria, Prussia, and other German 
states against France, July. Famous manifesto issued from 
the camp of the duke of Brunswick, July 25. The members 
of the mimicipal government of Paris establish themselves 
as the Insurrectionary Commune, Aug. 10. The Parisian 
populace attack the Tuileries, and massacre the Swiss 
guards, Aug. 10. The royal family are imiorisoned in the 
Temple, Aug. 13. Establishment of the first Eevolution- 
ary Tribunal by the Jacobins, Aug. 17. The duke of 
Brunswick invades France at the head of a combined 
Prussian and Austrian army, Aug. Royalist rising in the 
west of France, Aug. The " Sexrtember massacres" in 
Paris begin, Sept. 2. The French, under the elder Kel- 
lermann, obtain an advantage over the duke of Brunswick 
at Valmy, Sept. 20. The National Convention takes the 
place of the Legislative Assembly, and declares France a 
republic, Sept. 21.* The French occupy Chambery and 
Nice, Sept. Victorious advance of Custiue into Germany, 
Sept. -Oct. Victory of Dumouriez over the Aiistrians at 
Jemmapes, Nov. 6, followed by the occupation of Belgium. 
Annexation of Savoy to France, Nov. Beginning of the 
trial of Louis XVI., Dec. 11. 

Death of the emperor Leopold II., March 1. His son, Francis, 
succeeds in his hereditary dominions, and is elected emperor 
of Germany as Francis II. , July 5. 

Peace of Jassy between Russia and Turkey, Jan. ; Russia ac- 
quires Otchakov, and extends her territory to the Dniester. 

The opponents of the new constitution in Poland, at the insti- 
gation of Catharine II. of Russia, form the Confederation of 
Targovitza. A Russian army invades the country. 

Gustavus III. of Sweden is shot by Anckarstroem, night of 
March 15, 16. He dies March 29, and is succeeded by his 
son, Gustavus IV. Adolphus. 

Tippoo Saib is forced to cede a large portion of Mysore to 
the English. 

Death of Sir Joshua Reynolds. 

1793. Beginning of Washington's second administration, March 4. 
Execution of Louis XVI., Jan. 21. Grand coalition against 

* September 22 was made the beginning of tlie republican era. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 113 

1793. France, formed by England, Austria, Prussia, tlie German 
Empire, Holland, Spain, Naples, and other states. Forma- 
tion of the new Revolutionary Tribunal in France, March. 
Danton, Mai'at, and Robesi)ierre inaugurate the Eeign of 
^^ Terror. Outbreak of a great royalist insurrection in the 

y^ Vendee, March. Dumouriez is defeated by the Austri- 
ans, under the prince of Cobui'g, at Neerwinden, March 
18, and soon after passes over to the enemy, by whom 
Belgium is recovered. Institution of the Conmiittee of 
Public Safety, April 6. The Spanish forces invade Rous- 
sillon, April. Beginning of the revolt in Coi-sica against 
the Convention, May. Fall of the Girondists, June 2. 
Victory of the Vendeans at Saumur, June 9-10. Cathe- 
lineau, the Vendean leader, is mortally wounded before 
Nantes, June 29. Assassination of Marat by Charlotte 
Corday, July 13. Mentz (taken by Custine in Oct., 1792) 
surrenders to the Prussians, July 23. Toulon is deliv- 
ered to the English, Aug. 27. The duke of York, the 
British commander-in-chief in Flanders, is defeated near 
Dunkirk, Sept. The Convention jjasses a law against the 
"suspected," Sept. 17. Introduction of the revolutionary 
calendar, Oct. 5. (Era reckoned from Sept. 22^ 1792.) 
Great massacres at Lyons by the troops of the Convention, 
Oct. The German allies force the lines of Weissenburg, 
Oct. (They are recovered by the French, Dec.) Jourdan 
defeats the Austrians in the battle of Wattignies, Oct. 
15, 16. Execution of Marie Antoinette, Oct. 16. La Roche- 
jaquelein becomes the leader of the Vendeans, Oct. Exe- 
cution of the Girondists, Oct. 31. Execution of Philippe 
Egalite, Nov. 6. The ' ' Worship of Reason " is deci'eed by 
the Conveution, Nov. 10. Defeat of the Vendeans at Le 
Mans, Dec. Toulon is retaken from the English, Bonaparte 
commanding the French artillery, Dec. 19. The Vendeans 
are overthrown at Savenay. Atrocities of Carrier at Nantes 
(noT/ades). 
Second partition of Poland ; Prussia appropriates the western- 
most portion of the kingdom, also taking possession of 
Dantzic (made a free city in 1772) ; Russia takes a great part 
of the Lithuanian territories, half of Volhynia, Podolia, and 
all of the Ukraine held by Poland. 
The commissioners of the French Convention proclaun the 
freedom of the blacks in Hayti. 



114 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVEKSAL HISTORY. 

1794. Whisky Insurrection in Pennsylvania. Wayne breaks the 

power of the Miamis in a battle at Maumee Rai)ids, Aug. 20. 
Jay's treaty with Great Britain. 

Execution of the Hebertists, March 24. Execution of Danton 
and his followers, including Camille Desmoulins, April 5. 
Naval victory of the English, under Howe, over the French, 
June 1, Fete de VEtre Supreme, June 8. Victory of Jour- 
dan at Fleurus over the Austrians, under the prince of Co- 
burg, June 26, followed by the conquest of Belgium. Fall 
of Robespierre, July 27 (9th Thermidor) ; end of the Reign 
of Terror. Execution of Robespierre and his supporters, 
July 28. The French take the Spanish town of Fuen- 
terrabia, Aug. 1. The English complete the liberation of 
Corsica from the French, Aug. Victorious campaign of 
Jourdan on the Rhine, Sept. -Oct. Pichegim invades Hol- 
land. 

Trial of Hardy, Home Tooke, and others for high treason. 

Kosciuszko heads a great rising of the Polish people, which is 
met by the combined arms of Russia, Prussia, and Austria. 
He succumbs to the Russians, under Suvaroff and Fersen, at 
Maciejowice, Oct. 10, and is made prisoner. Storming of 
Praga and massacre by the Russians, under Suvaroff , Nov, 4. 
Capitulation of Warsaw, Nov. 8. 

Death of Gibbon and of Lavoisier (guillotined). 

1795. The French complete the conquest of Holland, Jan. Procla- 

mation of the Batavian Republic. Insurrection in Paris 
against the Convention, April 1. Peace of Basel between 
France and Prussia, April 5 ; the Prussian territories west 
of the Rhine left to the French. Fresh rising against the 
Convention in Paris, May 20. A body of emigres land at 
Quiberon to join the royalist insurgents called Chouans, 
June. Failure of the expedition, July. Treaty of Basel 
between France and Spain, negotiated by Godoy, July. 
Adoption of the constitution of the year III., Aug. 22. 
The French armies, under Jourdan and Pichegru, invade 
Gei-many, Sept. Annexation of Belgium and other con- 
quered territories to the French Republic, Oct. 1. Bona- 
parte successfully defends the Convention against a rising 
of the royalists, Oct. 5 (13th Vendemiaire). The Austrians, 
under Clerfayt and Wurmser, force back Jourdan and 
Pichegru, Oct. Last session of the Convention, Oct. 26, 
First session of the Council of Ancients and the Council of 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 115 

1795. Five Hundred, Oct. 28. Installation of the Directory 
(executive of five), Nov. 1. 

The third partition of Poland, between Prussia, Russia, and 
Austria, terminates the existence of that country as an in- 
dependent kingdom. The capital, Warsaw, becomes the 
possession of Prussia. Stanislas Poniatowski resigns his 
crown. Courland submits to Russia. 

The English take the Cape of Good Hope colony. 

Mungo Park sets out on his fi^rst journey to the region of the 
Niger. 

Foundation of the Institute of France. 

1796. AchuLssion of Tennessee into the Union. John Adams and 

Thomas Jefferson are elected president and vice-president of 
the United States. 

Bonaparte is placed in command of the "army of Italy." 
The Vendean leader Charette is made prisoner and shot, 
March. Victories of Bonaparte over the Austrians and 
Sardinians at Montenotte, Millesimo, Dego, and Mondovi, 
April. He defeats the Austrians at Lodi, May 10. His 
forces enter Milan, May. Victor Amadeus III. of Sardinia 
makes peace, relinquishing Savoy and Nice to the French, 
May. The armies of the Sambre and Meuse and of the 
Rhine and Moselle, respectively under the command of 
Jourdan and of Moreau, enter upon a campaign against 
Austria and Germany. The German states outside of Aus- 
tria withdraw from the struggle, July-Sept. Bonaparte 
defeats the forces of Wurmser at Lonato, Aug. 3, and at 
Castiglione, Aug. 5. General Hoche pacifies the Vendee, 
Aug. The archduke Charles defeats Jourdan at Wiirzburg, 
Sept. 3. Victory of Bonaparte over the Austrians at Ro- 
veredo, Sept. 3, 4. Wurmser is defeated by Bonaparte at 
Bassano, Sept. 8, and throws himself into Mantua, which is 
closely invested by the French. Spain declares war against 
England, Oct. Ferdinand IV. of Naples makes peace with 
France, Oct. Moreau effects a masterly retreat to the Rhine, 
Oct. The French dominion is re-established in Coi'sica, 
Oct. Bonaparte defeats the Austrians, under Alvinczy, at 
Arcole, Nov. 15-17. French expedition to Ireland, Dec. 

Paul succeeds his mother, Catharine II. , in Russia, Nov. 17. 

The English dispossess the Dutch in Ceylon. 

Jenner shows the efficacy of vaccination as a preventive 
against small-pox. 
9 



IIG CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1796. Death of Burns. 

1797. Beginning of John Adams's administration. Difficulties be- 

tween the United States and France. (Settled by a treaty 
in 1800.) 

Bonaparte vanquishes the Austrians, under Alvinczy , at Rivoli, 
Jan. 14. Mantua surrenders to the French, Feb. Bona- 
parte invades the dominions of Pius VI., Feb. The British 
admiral Jei^vis defeats the Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vin- 
cent, Feb. 14. The pope is forced to sign the peace of To- 
lentino, Feb. 19. Bonaparte invades Austria, Mai'ch, forces 
back the archduke Charles, and compels the signature of the 
preliminaries of Leoben, April 18. Fall of the Venetian 
Republic, the French forces occupy Venice, May. The 
Genoese dominions are constituted into the Ligurian Re- 
public, June. Establishment of the Cisalpine Republic by 
Bonaparte, June. The majoiity of the Directory execute a 
coup-dfetat against tlie royalist reaction, Sept. 4 (18th 
Fructidor). Admh'al Duncan defeats the Dutch fleet off 
Camperdown (Camperduin), Oct. 11. Peace of Campo For- 
mio between France and Austria, Oct. 17; Austria cedes 
her former Belgian possessions and Lombardy, and receives 
most of the territories of the extinguished republic of Ven- 
ice (including Venetian Istria and Dalmatia) ; the Ionian 
Islands (held by Venice since the Middle Ages) are secured 
to the French. Return of Bonaparte to Paris, Dec. Open- 
ing of the congress of Rastadt. Insurrection in Rome. 

Frederick William III. succeeds his father, Frederick William 
II., in Prussia, Nov. 16. 

1798. Passage of the Alien and Sedition Laws in the United States. 
The French occupy Rome, and proclaim tlie Roman Repub- 
lic, Feb. The French, after revolutionizing Switzerland, 
proclaim the Helvetic Republic, April. Annexation of 
Geneva and other portions of Switzerland to France. Bona- 
parte embarks on his expedition to Egypt, May. He takes 
possession of Malta, dispossessing the Knights of St. John, 
June. He enters Alexandria, July. The Mamelukes are 
vanquished by him in the battle of the Pyramids, July 21. 
Nelson destroys the French fleet at Aboukir (battle of the 
Nile), Aug. 1, 2. The Porte declares war against France, 
Sept. Ferdinand IV. of Naples, urged by Queen Caro- 
line, takes up arms against the French, Nov. Alliance 
between England and Russia, Dec. Charles Emanuel IV. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 117 

1798. of Sardinia is forced by tlie French to give up Pied- 
mont. 

The Great Rebellion in Ireland. It is suppressed after much 
bloodshed. 

1799. Death of Washington, Dec. 14. 

The French enter Naples, and jproclaim the Parthenopean Ee- 
public, Jan. The fortress of Corfu surrenders to the Rus- 
sians and Turks, March. France declares war against Aus- 
tria, March. Defeat of Jourdan by the archduke Charles 
at Stockach, March. Dissolution of the congress of Rastadt, 
April. SuVaroff, the commander-iu-chief of the Russian 
and Austi'ian armies in Italy, defeats Moreau at Cassano, 
April 37. Three membei's of the Directory are expelled by 
the Councils, and replaced by others, June 18 (30th Prairial). 
Macdonald, after a contest of three days, June 17-19, is de- 
feated by SuYaroff on the Trebbia. End of the Partheno- 
pean Republic, June; Ferdinand IV. restored to the Nea- 
politan throne. The Neapolitan forces enter Rome, July, 
Suvaroff defeats the forces of Joubert and Moreau at Novi, 
Aug. 15 ; Joubert killed. The Dutch fleet is delivered to 
the English, Aug. Victory of Massena over the Russian 
general Korsakoff at Ziii'ich, Sept. 25, 2Q. SuvarofP, after 
marching into Switzerland, executes a retreat through that 
countiy, Oct. Failure of the Anglo-Russian expedition to 
the Netherlands, Oct. 

Bonaparte 'enters upon his Syrian campaign, Feb. Fall of 
Gaza, Feb. 25. Storming of Jaffa, March 7. Bonaparte 
begins the siege of Acre, March. He raises the siege, May 
20, after a gallant defense by the Turks and Sir Sidney 
Smith, and retreats toward Egypt. Victory of Bonaparte 
over the Turks at Aboukir, July 25. He embarks for 
France, leaving Kleber in command in Egypt, Aug. 22. 

Bonaparte undertakes a coup-d'etat against the Directorial 
government, Nov. 9 (18th Brumaire). The Council of Five 
Hundred is forcibly dispersed, Nov. 10. Bonaparte, Sieyes, 
and Ducos are appointed provisional consuls, Nov. 11. 
Proclamation of the Consulate, Dec. 24; Bonaparte, Cam- 
baceres, and Lebrun consuls for ten years, Bonaparte first- 
consul. 

Death of Pius VI., Aug. 29. 

Storming of Seringapatam by the English, May 4; Tippoo 
Saib knied. 



118 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1799. Invention of the Voltaic pile. 

1800. Removal of the seat of government of the United States from 

Philadelphia to Washington. Presidential election in the 
United States. Jefferson and Burr receive the largest 
number of electoral votes, an equal number being cast for 
both. Other candidates, John Adams and C. C. Pinckney * 

Final submission of the Chouans. The army of Moreau is 
victorious over the Austi'ians at Moskirch and Biberach, 
May. Bonaparte leads his army over the Great St. Ber- 
nard, May. Genoa, after a desperate defense of nearly 
two months by Massena, sui'renders to the Austrians, June. 
Victory of Bonaparte over the Austrians, under Melas. 
at Marengo, June 14. The English take Malta, Sept. 
Victory of Moreau over the Austrians, under the archduke 
John, at Hohenlinden, Dec. 3. Attempt to assassinate 
Bonapai'te by means of the Infernal Machine, Dec. 24. 

Assassination of Kleber at Cairo, June 14. 

Retrocession of Louisiana to France by Spain. 

Act for the legislative vmion of Ireland and Great Britain. 
(To take effect Jan. 1, 1801.) 

Election of Pope Pius VII., March 14. 

1801. Jefferson is elected president of the United States by the 

House of Representatives. Burr becomes vice-president. 
Outbreak of war between Tripoli and the United States. 

Austria and Germany conclude peace with France at Lune- 
ville, Feb. 9 ; the stipulations of the peace of Campo For- 
mio are confirmed ; all of Germany west of the Rhine is re- 
linquished to France ; the hereditary princes of Germany 
agree to indemnify themselves for their losses by appropri- 
ating the territories of the ecclesiastical states as well as 
the free imperial cities. 

Defeat of the French at Alexandria by Sir Ralph Abercromby, 
who is mortally wounded, March 31. Treaty of Madrid be- 
tween France and Spain, March "1, providing for the ces- 
sion of Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla to the French on 
the death of the reigning duke, Ferdinand, in exchange 
for which, Tuscany (occupied by France in 1799) is trans- 
ferred as the kingdom of Etruria to the duke's son, Don 
Luis. (Death of Ferdinand, 1802.) Peace between France 

* The last election in which the electors did not specify which candidate was 
voted for as president and which as vice-president. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. HQ 

1801. and Naples, Marcli. Denmark having entered into an 
armed neutrality with the northern powers with respect to 
England, her fleet is attacked at Copenhagen by Nelson, 
and defeated, April 2. Bonaparte concludes his Concordat 
with Pius VII., July 15. The French are forced to evacu- 
ate Egypt. Preliminary treaty of peace between France 
and England, Oct. Peace between France and Russia, Oct. 

Resignation of Pitt, March. The Addington ministry suc- 
ceeds. 

Annexation of Grusia (Georgia) to the Russian Empire. Con- 
spiracy against Czar Paul, who is murdered, night of March 
23-24. Accession of his son, Alexander I. 

Bonaparte dispatches an exj)edition, under Leclerc, against 
Toussaint TOuverture, the Negro governor of Hayti. 

Piazzi discovers the fh'st asteroid, Ceres. 

1802. The Cisalpine Republic is reconstituted as the Italian Republic, 

with Bonaparte as president, Jan. Peace of Amiens be- 
tween France, Spain, and the Batavian Republic on one 
side and Great Britain on the other, March 27. Great 
Britain recognizes the changes made by France in Europe. 
She agrees to give up the recent conquests with the excep- 
tion of Ceylon (conquered from the Dutch m 1796) and 
Trinidad (conquered from the Spaniards in 1797). (The 
provision resiDecting the surrender of Malta to the Knights 
of St. John not carried out.) Definitive treaty of peace be- 
tween France and Turkey, June. Bonaparte is declared 
consul for life, Aug. 2. Rebellion in Switzerland against 
the established order. Union of Piedmont with France, 
Sept. The French forces restore order in Switzerland. 

Charles Emanuel IV. of Sardinia resigns, and is succeeded by 
his brother, Victor Emanuel I. 

Operations of Leclerc against the blacks of Hayti. Their 
le9,der, Toussaint TOuverture, is treacherously seized and 
conveyed to France. 

Institution of the French Legion of Honor. 

Foundation of the "Edinburgh Review." 

1803. Admission of Ohio into the Union. 

Purchase of Louisiana from France by the United States. 
Lewis and Clarke are appointed to conduct an exploring 
expedition through the western portion of the territory of 
the United States. (Advance beyond the Mississippi under- 
taken in 1801: ; the expedition returns in 1806.) 



120 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1803. "Act of Mediation" by which Bonaparte reorganizes the 

Swiss confederacy, Feb. 19 ; restoration of the former can- 
tonal system. 

The imperial delegation (Reichsdeputation) charged with the 
settlement of the changes in the Germanic body provided 
for in the treaty of Luneville publishes its conclusions 
(Reichsdeputationshauptschluss), Feb. 25. 

England declares war against France, May. The French 
occupy Hanover, June. 

Emmet's attempted rebellion in Ireland. 

Brilliant achievements of the English under Wellesley, Lake, 
and others against the Mahrattas. 

The blacks of Hayti are successful against the French, who 
are expelled from the island. 

Death of Klopstock, Alfieri, and Herder. 

1804. Duel between Hamilton and Burr, July 11. (Death of Ham- 

ilton, July 12.) — The United States frigate "Philadelphia," 
having fallen into the hands of the Tripolitans in 1803, is 
retaken and burned by Decatur. Commodore Preble makes 
repeated attacks upon the Tripolitan fleet in front of Trip- 
oli, Aug. -Sept. — Thomas Jefferson is re-elected president; 
George Clinton is chosen vice-president. 

Arrest of Moreau, Pichegru, and Cadoudal on a charge of 
conspiracy, Feb. -March. Publication of the Code Civil 
des Frangais (afterward called Code Napoleon), March 
21. The duke d'Enghien is shot at Vincennes by order 
of Bonaparte, March 21. The French fleet, assembled at 
Boulogne for the invasion of England, is unsuccessfully 
attacked by the British, April (again in October). Napo- 
leon I. is declared emperor of Finance, May 18. Execution 
of Cadoudal and others, June. Coronation of Napoleon 
and Josephine in Paris by Pius VII., Dec. 2. Spain de- 
clares war against England, Dec. 12. 

Fall of the Addington ministry. May ; Pitt again premier. 

Francis II. assumes the title of emperor of Austria as Francis 
I., Aug. 11. 

Rising of the Servians against Turkish rule. Czerny George 
(Kara George) becomes their leader. 

War between the English and the Mahratta ruler Jesewunt 
Row Holkar. (The war concluded in Dec, 1805.) 

Dessalines (at first appointed governor) assumes the title of 
emperor of Hayti as Jean Jacques I. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 121 

1804. Death of Kant. 

1805. Beginning of the second administration of Thomas Jefferson. 

Peace between the United States and Tripoli. 
Napoleon assumes the title of king of Italy, March. Coalition 
against France between England, Russia, Austria, and Swe- 
den. (The South German states side with France.) Union 
of the Ligurian Republic with France, June. Eugene Beau- 
harnais is appointed viceroy of Italy, June. The Austrian 
army invades Bavaria, Sept. The French forces cross the 
Rhine, Sept. Surrender of the Austrian general Mack with 
his army at Ulm, Oct. 20. Victory of Nelson over the 
French and Spanish fleet at Trafalgar, Oct. 21 ; death of 
Nelson. The archduke Charles is successful against Massena 
at Caldiero, Oct. ; the engagement is followed by the retreat 
of the Austrians. Murat occupies Vienna, Nov. 13. Vic- 
tory of Napoleon at Austerlitz over the combined Austrian 
and Russian armies, commanded by the emperors Francis 
and Alexander, Dec. 2. Convention between France and 
Prussia, by which Prussia cedes Anspach, Baireuth, Cleves, 
and Neufchatel, Hanover being given up to her in ex- 
change, Dec. 15. Peace of Presburg between France and 
Austria, Dec. 26 ; * Austria cedes her Venetian dominions 
(including Dalmatia, etc.) to the Italian kingdom, and 
Tyrol to Bavaria ; Breisgau f and the other old possessions 
of the house of Austria in Swabia are annexed to Baden, 
Wiirtemberg, and Bavaria ; Salzburg I is given to Austria ; 
the imperial city of Aiigsburg is incoi'porated with Bava- 
ria ; Bavaria and Wiirtemberg are erected into kingdoms. 
(Proclamation of their new titles by the kings of Bavaria 
and Wiirtemberg, Maximilian I. Joseph and Frederick I. , 
Jan. 1, 1806.) 

* According to a statement in iletternicli's con-espondence, the treaty -n'as ac- 
tually signed Dec. 27. 

+ Breisgau had already been separated from Austria in pursuance of the stipula- 
tions of the treaty of Luneville, having been assigned to Ercoleof Este, the dispos- 
sessed duke of Modena. This prince died in 1803, and Breisgau passed to his son- 
in-law, the archduke Ferdinand of Austria, uncle of the emperor Francis. On the 
downfall of Napoleon, Ferdinand's son, Francis IV., became reigning duke of Modena. 

X In the changes which followed the treaty of Luneville, the archbishopric of Salz- 
burg had been secularized and given to Ferdinand III., the dLspossessed grand-duke 
of Tuscany (brother of the emperor Francis), who was created an imperial elector. 
In exchange for Salzburg, Ferdinand received the former sec of "Wiirzburg. On the 
downfall of Napoleon, he was reinstated in Tuscany. 



122 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1805. Publication of Scott's "Lay of the Last Minstrel." 
Death of Schiller. 

1806. Death of Pitt, Jan. 23. Formation of the Grenville ministry, 

Feb. ; Fox secretary for foreign affairs. The French forces 
enter Naples, Feb. Murat is created grand-duke of Cleves 
and Berg, March. Joseph Bonaparte is proclaimed king of 
Naples and Sicily, March (the island of Sicily, however, 
continuing under the dominion of Ferdinand IV.). Louis 
Bonaparte is proclauned king of Holland, June. For- 
mation of the Confederation of the Rhine, July. The em- 
peror Francis II. renounces the German crown, Aug. 6; 
end of the Holy Roman Empire. Death of Fox, Sept. 
13. New coalition against France. Prussia declares war, 
Oct. Napoleon and Davout overAvhelm the Prussians in 
the battles of Jena and Auerstadt, Oct. 14. Napoleon 
enters Berlin, Oct. 27. The French storm Liibeck, Nov. 6. 
Bliicher capitulates at Ratkow, Nov. 7. The French oc- 
cupy Hamburg, Nov. Napoleon issues nis Berlin Decree, 
declaring the British Isles in a state of blockade and pro- 
hibiting all commercial intercourse with them, Nov. 21. 
The French enter "Warsaw, Nov. Treaty between France 
and Saxony, whose elector, Frederick Augustiis III., as- 
sumes the title of king as Frederick Augustus I., Dec. Bat- 
tle of Pultusk between the French and Russians, Dec. 26. 

The English retake possession of Cape Colony. 

Outbreak of war between Russia and Turkey. 

Assassination of Dessalines, emperor of Hayti. Christophe is 
made president for life. 

1807. Act of Congress abolishing the slave-trade (from Jan. 1, 1808). 

Trial of Aaron Burr for treason. The British man-of-war 
"Leopard" attacks the frigate "Chesapeake." Congress 
lays an embargo on shipping destined for foreign ports. 
Indecisive battle of Eylau between the French and the allied 
Russians and Prussians, Feb. 7, 8. The French take Dant- 
zic, May. Victory of Napoleon over the Russians at Fried- 
land, June 14. Conference between Napoleon and Alex- 
ander I. on a raft on the Niemen, June. France concludes 
the treaties of Tilsit with Russia (July 7) and Prussia (July 
9) ; Prussia gives up her possessions west of the Elbe and 
the Polish dominions acquired in 1793 and 1795. Out of 
the latter Napoleon creates the duchy of Warsaw for Fred- 
erick Augustus of Saxony, Aug. Out of the former and 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 123 

1807. tlie electorate of Hesse-Cassel, the duchy of Brunswick- 
Wolf enbtittel, etc. , he creates the kingdom of Westphalia 
for his brother Jerome, Aug. Napoleon conquers the Swe- 
dish possessions in Germany, Aug.-Sei^t. Bombardment of 
Copenhagen by the British, Sept. 2-5. The French, under 
Junot, invade Portugal, Nov. The royal family embarks 
for Brazil. Junot occupies Lisbon. Napoleon takes pos- 
session of the kingdom of Etruria, Dec. Napoleon's Milan 
Decree against British commerce. 

Sir John Duclnvorth forces the passage of the Dardanelles, 
Feb. Abolition of the slave-trade m the British Empire. 
Resignation of the Grenville ministry, March. Foi'mation 
of the Portland mmistry, April. 

Inauguration of great political reforms in Prussia, chiefly 
imder the direction of Stein. 

Triumijh of the Servian insurgents. (See 1813.) 

Successful introduction of steam navigation ; Fulton's steam- 
boat, the "Clermont," begins her trips on the Hudson. 

Publication of Hegel's " Phanomenologie des Geistes." 

1808. James Madison is elected president of the United States; 

George Clinton is re-elected vice-president. 

The French forces enter Rome, Feb. Charles IV. of Spain is 
forced by a po^jular rising to abdicate in favor of his son, 
Ferdinand VII. , March 19. Murat enters Madrid, March 23. 
Napoleon annexes a large portion of the Paxjal States to the 
kingdom of Italy, April. Ferdinand VII. and Charles IV. 
meet Napoleon at Bayonne, and are forced to renounce the 
Spanish crown, April-May. Outbreak of the insurrection 
against the French in Spain, May. Napoleon makes his 
brother Jose^jh king of Spain, June 6. Portugal rises 
against the French, June. Surrender of the French gen- 
eral Dupont to the Spaniards at Baylen, July. Napo- 
leon proclaims his brother-in-law Murat king of Naples, 
Aug. 1. The English, under Sir Arthur Wellesley, be- 
gin operations against the French in Portugal, Aug. The 
French are forced to raise the siege of Saragossa, Aug. 
Victory of Wellesley over Junot at Vimeiro, Aug. 21. 
Junot signs the convention of Cintra for the evacuation of 
Portugal by the French, Aug. 30. Conference of Erfurt 
between Napoleon, Alexander I., and other j)rinces, Sept.- 
Oct. Surrender of Madrid to Napoleon, Dec. 

Napoleon forces the king of Prussia to dismiss Stein. 



124 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY, 

1808. Russia conquers Finland fi^om Sweden. (See 1809.) 
Frederick VI. succeeds his father, Christian VII., in Denmark. 

(See 1784.) 
Accession of Mahmoud II. in Turkey. 

1809. Beginning- of James Madison's first administration. 

Sir John Moore, after retreating before the French to Corunna. 
is killed in an engagement before that place, Jan. 16. The 
French storm Saragossa, Jan. Its citadel falls, Feb. The 
French, under Soult, take Oporto, March. It is recovered 
by Beresford, May. Wellesley gains the battle of Talavera 
de la Reina, July 27, 28. 

Austria renews the struggle against Napoleon. Her armies 
invade Bavaria and the duchy of Warsaw, April. Andreas 
Hof er heads an insurrection of the Tyrolese against Bavaria, 
April. Napoleon defeats the Austrians at Abensberg, Lands- 
hut, and Eckmlilil, April. Russia declares war against 
Austria, May 3. Napoleon enters Vienna, May 13. Battle 
of Asj)ern and Essling, May 21, 22 ; defeat of Napoleon by 
the archduke Charles. Eugene Beauharnais defeats the 
Austrians at Raab, June 14. Napoleon vanquishes the Aus- 
trians, under the archduke Charles, at Wagram, Jvily 6. 
Signing of an armistice at Znaim, July 12. Peace of Schon- 
brunn between France and Austida, Oct. 14. (Ratified in 
Vienna.) Austria gives up Salzburg, part of the provinces 
of Upper Austria and Carinthia, Carniola, most of Croatia, 
the coast-land of the Adriatic, large portions of her Polish 
territories, etc. Napoleon creates the dominion of the Illy- 
rian Provinces. 

Decree of Napoleon annexing the territories of the pope to 
the French Empire, May. Pius VII. excommunicates Na- 
poleon, June. Arrest of the pope, July, followed by his 
removal to France. 

Disastrous English expedition to the island of Walcheren. 

Divorce of the emj^ress Josephine, Dec. 

The Portland ministry is succeeded by that of Perceval, 
Oct. 

Gustavus IV. Adolphus of Sweden is forced to abdicate. His 
uncle, Charles XIII., succeeds. Cession of Finland to 
Russia. 

Death of Haydn. 

1810. Andreas Hofer is betrayed to the French and executed, Feb. 

Marriage of Napoleon with Maria Louisa, daughter of the 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 125 

1810. emperor Francis!., April. Annexation of Holland to the 
French. Emjiix'e, July. 

The French take Ciudad Rodrigo, July. Wellington (Welles- 
ley) repulses Massena at Busaco, Sept. 27. Wellington re- 
tu'es behind the lines of Torres Vedras, Oct. 

Bremen, Hamburg, Liibeck, and extensive territories in North 
Germany are united to the French Empire, Dec. 

George HI. hopelessly insane. 

Hardenberg is placed at the head of affairs in Prussia. 

Bernadotte is made ci'own-prince of Sweden. 

Campaign of the Russians, under Kamenskoi, in Bulgaria. 
Fall of Silistria. The Russians fail before Shumla. Siir- 
render of Rustchuk. 

The English wrest Mauritius from the French. 

The Mexican war of independence is begun by Hidalgo. 

Beginning of the struggle for independence in Venezuela, 
New Granada, and Buenos Ayres. Insurrection in Quito. 
Revolutionary movement in Chili. 

Opening of the Univei-sity of Berlin. 

Death of Cavendish. 

1811. Battle of Tippecanoe, Nov. 7; General Harrison defeats the 

Indians, under the Prophet, brother of Tecumseh. 
Retreat of Massena from Portugal, March. Surrender of 

Badajoz to the French, March. Wellington repulses Mas- 
sena at Fuentes de Onoro, May. Beresford defeats Soult at 

Albuera, May 16. 
George, Prince of Wales, is appointed regent of Great Britain, 

Feb. 
Financial bankruptcy of the Austrian government. 
Campaign of the Russians, under Kutuzoff, against the Turks 

on the Danube. 
Massacre of the Mamelukes at Cairo by Mehemet Ali. 
The English make themselves masters of Java. 
Hidalgo falls into the hands of the Spaniards, and is executed. 

Morelos continues the war for Mexican independence. 

(Made prisoner by the Spaniards, and executed, 1815.) 
New Granada and Venezuela declare themselves independent 

of Spain. Revolutionary struggle in Paraguay. 
Publication of the fii-st volume of Niebuhr's ' ' Romische Ge- 

schichte." 

1812. Admission of the state of Louisiana into the Union. (Tlie ter- 

ritory of Louisiana becomes the territory of Missouri.) The 



126 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1812. United States declare war against Great Britain, June 18. 
The Americans, under General Hull, invade Canada, July. 
Surrender of Hull to Brock at Detroit, Aug. 16. The Ameri- 
can fi'igate " Constitution," commanded by Isaac Hull, cap- 
tures the "Guerriere," Aug. 19. The Americans cross the 
Niagara, and take Queenstown, which is soon recovered by 
the enemy, Oct. The American sloop-of-war "Wasp," 
Capt. Jones, captures the "Frolic," Oct. 18. Jones is forced 
to surrender on the same day to the "Poictiers." The 
American frigate "United States," Capt. Decatur, captures 
the "Macedonian," Oct. 25. The "Constitution," now 
commanded by Captain Bainbridge, takes the "Java," 
Dec. 29. — James Madison is re-elected president, and El- 
bridge Gerry is chosen vice-president; defeated candidate 
for the presidency, De Witt Clinton. 

Suchet takes Valencia, Jan. Wellington storms Ciudad Rod- 
rigo, Jan. Promulgation of a liberal constitution by the 
Spanish Cortes, March 18. Wellington storms Badajoz, 
April. Victory of Wellington over Marmont near Sala- 
manca, July 22. The British enter Madrid, Aug. Wel- 
lington unsuccessfully besieges Burgos, Sept. -Oct. 

Napoleon declares war against Russia, June 22. The Grand 
Army begins the invasion of Russia, June. The French 
defeat the Russians at Smolensk, which is burned, Aug. 
Victory of Napoleon over Kutuzoff at Borodino, on the 
Moskva, Sept. 7. The French, under Murat, enter Moscow, 
Sept. 14. Entry of Napoleon into the city, Sept. 15. Mos- 
cow is set on fire by the Russians, Sept. 15-16. The French 
army begins its retreat, Oct. Passage of the Berezina by 
the French, Nov. 26-28. Napoleon arrives in Paris, Dec. 

Assassination of Perceval, May. Formation of the Liverpool 
ministry, June. 

Peace of Bucharest between Russia and Turkey, May 28 ; the 
Pruth made the boundary between the two empires. 

Great earthquake at Caracas, March 26. Temporaiy triumph 
of the Spanish authority in Venezuela. The patriot leader 
Miranda is sent a prisoner to Spain. 

Publication of the first portion of Byron's " Childe Harold." 

1813. Victory of the British, under Proctor, over the Americans at 

French town, Jan. 22. Capture of the British brig "Pea- 
cock" by the "Hornet," Capt. Lawrence, Feb. 24. Begin- 
ning of Madison's second administration. The Americans 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 127 

1813. take York (Toronto), April 27; their leader, General Pike, 
killed. Successful expedition of the Americans against 
Fort George, May. Eepulse of the British at Sackett's 
Harhor, May. Capture of the "Chesapeake," Capt. Law- 
rence, by the "Shannon," June 1. The British brig 
"Boxer" is taken by the "Enterprise," Sept. 5. Victory 
of the Americans, under Commodore Perry, on Lake Erie, 
Sept. 10. General Harrison defeats Proctor in the battle 
of the Thames, Oct. 5 ; death of Tecimiseh. — War with the 
Creek Indians. 

Rising of the German people against France. Russia and 
Prussia conclude an alliance at Kalisz, Feb. Bernadotte, 
at the head of a Swedish army, joins in the campaign 
against France. Napoleon is victorious over the Russians 
and Prussians at Llitzen, May 2. He wins the battle at 
Bautzen, May 20, 21. Austria declares war against France, 
Aug. 12. Oudinot is defeated by the army of Bernadotte 
(by Billow's division) at Grossbeeren, Aug. 23. Bliicher 
defeats Macdonald on the Katzbach, Aug. 2Q. Napoleon 
wins the battle of Dresden against Prince Schwarzenberg, 
Aug. 26, 27. Battle of Culm, Aug. 29, 30 ; the French gen- 
eral Vandamme is forced to surrender. Billow defeats 
Ney at Dennewitz, Sept. 6. Battle of Leipsic, Oct. 16, 18, 
19 ; Napoleon overthrown by the forces of Schwarzenberg, 
commander-in-chief of the allies, Bliicher, Bernadotte, and 
Bennigsen; the king of Saxony, Napoleon's ally, taken 
prisoner. Dissolution of the Confederation of the Rhine 
and of the kingdom of Westphalia. Retreat of Napoleon 
to the Rhine. Expulsion of the French from Holland. 
William, son of William V. , is placed by the Dutch at 
the head of the government. 

Wellington defeats the French at Yitoria June 21. He is 
victorious over Soult in the Pyrenees, July. He passes 
the Bidassoa, Oct. , and pursues Soult into France. 

Re-establishment of Turkish authority in Servia. (See 1815.) 

Russia compels Persia, in the peace of GulLstan, to cede Da- 
ghestan, Shirvan, Baku, and other territories. (The treaty 
ratified at Tiflis in 1814.) 

Successful advance of Bolivar through New Granada and 
Venezuela. He enters Caracas, and receives the title of 
Libertador. 

Death of Wieland, Lagrange, Delille, Korner. 



128 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1814, General Jackson breaks the power of the Creeks. The Ameri- 
can frigate "Essex," Commodore Porter, surrenders to the 
' ' Phoebe " and ' ' Cherub, " March 28. Capture of the Brit- 
ish brig " Epervier " by the " Peacock," April 29. Victory 
of the Americans at Chippewa, July 5. The Americans, 
under Scott and Brown, are victorious at Lundy's Lane (bat- 
tle of Bridgewater), July 25. The forces of General Ross, 
after dispersing the American militia at Bladensburg, enter 
Washington, Aug. 24. They retire, Aug. 25. The Ameri- 
cans, under Commodore McDonough, achieve a great vic- 
tory on Lake Champlain, Sept. 11, The British unsuccess- 
fully attack Baltimore, Sept. 12, 13, General Jackson seizes 
Pensacola, Nov, The people of New England hold a con- 
vention at Hartford to protest against the continuance of 
the war with Great Britain, Dec, Treaty of Ghent between 
the United States and Great Britain, Dec. 24. 

Invasion of France by the allies. Murat deserts Napoleon, 
and joins the allies, Jan. 

Denmark is forced to conclude the treaty of Kiel with Sweden 
and England, Jan. 14 ; she cedes Norway to Sweden, receiv- 
ing Swedish Pomerania in exchange, and Heligoland to 
England. (The island held by the British since 1807.) 

Pius VII. is permitted to leave Fontainebleau, Jan. The Con- 
gress of Chatillon between France and the allies oj)ens, Feb. 
(Closes in March.) Napoleon is victorious over the army of 
Bliicher at Champaubert, Montmirail, Chateau-Thierry, and 
Vauchamps, and achieves a success against Schwarzenberg 
at Montereau, Feb. Wellington defeats Soult at Orthez, 
Feb. 27. Bliicher repulses the French at Laon, March 9. 
The French evacuate the Papal States, March. Napoleon 
releases Ferdinand VII., March. Schwarzenberg is vic- 
torious at Arcis-sur-Aube, March 20, 21. Battle before Paris, 
the allies storm Montmartre, March 30. Entry of the allies 
into Paris, March 31. The French Senate, under the lead 
of Talleyrand, establishes a provisional government, April 

I, Soult unsuccessfully opposes Wellington at Toulouse, 
April 10. Abdication of Napoleon at Fontainebleau, April 

II. Eugene Beauharnais, after opposing the Austrians 
in Italy, signs a convention with them, April 16. Louis 
XVIII. , brother of Louis XVI. , having been placed on the 
French throne by the Senate and the allies, makes his sol- 
emn entry into Paris, May 3 ; First Restoration. Napoleon 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 129 

1814. lands at Elba, May 4. Peace of Paris, May 30. Louis 
XVIII. promulgates the " Charte constitutionelle," June 4. 
A general congress of the Euroj)ean powers, great and small, 
is assembled at Vienna for the pui'pose of reorganizing the 
political system of the continent ; opening of the congress, 
Nov. 3. Austria represented by Metternich ; Prussia, by 
Hardenberg; Russia, by Nesselrode; England and Han- 
over, by Castlereagh and Mvinster ; France, by Talleyrand. 

Ferdinand VII. , after abrogating the constitution of 1812, en- 
ters Madrid, May. 

Pius VII. re-establishes the order of Jesuits, Aug. 

Defeat of Bolivar and Marino by the Spanish general Boves 
at La Puerta, Venezuela. Bolivar passes over into New 
Granada, where he is appointed commander-in-chief. 

Francia becomes dictator of Paraguay. 

Introduction of gas for general illumination in London. 

Death of Fichte and of Count Rumford. 

1815. General Jackson repulses the British attack on New Orleans, 

Jan. 8. Commodore Decatur imposes terms upon the Dey 
of Algiers, and exacts reparation from Tunis and Tripoli. 
Escape of Na]3oleon from Elba, Feb. 26. He lands in France, 
March 1. Ney passes over to him with his army, March 13. 
Louis XVIII. quits Paris, March 20 ; Napoleon entere it on 
the same day; beginning of the "Hundred Days." Re- 
newal of the alliance of the Great Powers against France, 
March. Murat takes up arms on the side of Napoleon, 
March. He is defeated by the Austrians at Tolentino, 
May 2, 3 ; the kingdom of Naples recovered by Ferdinand 
IV. Vendean insurrection under the younger La Roche- 
jacquelin, May-June. Signing of the acts of the Congress 
of Vienna relating to the reconstitution of the Germanic 
federation, June 8. Signing of the general acts of the con- 
gress, June 9. 

EEOKGANIZATION OP THE POLITICAL SYSTEM OF EUROPE 
BY THE CONGEESS OF VIENNA. 

France is permitted to retain the hmits existing- at the outbreak 
of the Revolution. 

Austria is reinstated in the possession of all the territories be- 
longing to her at the outbreak of the French Revolution, with the 
exception of Belgium (conquered by the Prencli in 1794) and of 
Breisgau and other territories annexed to the South German states ; 



130 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

her dominion being re-established in Lombardy (given up to the 
French in 1797), in Tyrol (transferred to Bavaria in 1805), and in 
the territories constituted by Napoleon into the Illyrian Provinces 
in 1809. Venetia, Venetian Istria, and Dalmatia (all acquired in 
1797, and lost in 1805) are restored to her, as is also Salzburg (ac- 
quired in 1805, and annexed to Bavaria in 1810). "West Galicia 
(taken in the third partition of Poland, 1795, and united with the 
duchy of Warsaw after the war of 1809) remains severed from 
Austria. 

Prussia resumes possession of the territories west of the Rhine 
ceded to France in 1795 and of the German territories lost in 
180G-'7 (not reckoning Hanover, acquired in 1805), excepting East 
Fricsland and Ilildesheim, given to Hanover in exchange for Lau- 
enburg. Of the Polish territories taken from her to form the duchy 
of Warsaw (created in 1807), she recovers the western portion, which 
is constituted the grand-duchy of Posen. Dantzic (held by the 
French from 1807 to the beginning of 1814) is also reunited with 
Prussia. Of the territories ceded in exchange for Hanover in 1805, 
viz., Anspaeh, Baireuth, Cleves, and Neufchatel, she recovers Cleves 
and Neufchatel, Bavaria retaining Anspaeh and Baireuth. She re- 
ceives as new possessions half of Saxony, most of the former archbish- 
oprics of Treves and Cologne, the territories of the grand-duchy of 
Berg and of the duchy of Jiilich, and also Swedish Pomerania (with 
Riigcn), given to Denmark in compensation for the loss of Norway, 
and made over by that power to Prussia in exchange for Lauenburg. 

Tlie bulk of the duchy of Warsaw is erected into the new king- 
dom of Poland, jDlaced under the sceptre of Russia. The republic 
of Cracow is created and placed under the protection of the Great 
Powers. 

Russia retains Finland (conquered from Sweden in 1808-'9). 

The king of Sweden is confirmed in the jiossession of Norway. 

Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Brunswick, and Oldenburg resume their 
position as independent states, Hanover being erected into a king- 
dom. The order of things introduced in Germany after the treaty 
of Luneville — that is, the incorporation of the ecclesiastical states 
and free cities with the larger members of the federal body — remains 
perpetuated. Hamburg, Bremen, Llibeck, and Frankfort, alone of 
all the free cities, reappear as autonomous political iniits. Of the 
territory of the Lower Palatinate west of the Rhine (ceded to France 
in 1801), the greater portion is reunited with Bavaria. Baden re- 
tains Heidelberg and Mannheim (formerly included in the Palati- 
nate), acquired in 1803. The former see of Wiirzburg is united with 
Bavaria. 

The members of the former German Empire enter into a new 
union, the German Confederation. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 131 

Holland and Belgium are united, and erected into the kingdom 
of the Netherlands for the house of Orange. Luxemburg (pre- 
viously part of the Austrian Netherlands) is erected into a grand- 
duchy for the king of the Netherlands (to be included, as formerly, 
in the Germanic body). 

The house of Savoy is reinstated in the possession of the conti- 
nental dominions of the kingdom of Sardinia (Savoy and Nice, lost 
in 1792, and Piedmont, lost in 1798), and is invested with the do- 
minions of the former republic of Genoa. 

Ferdinand IIL (brother of the emperor Francis) is restored to 
the throne of Tuscany. 

Francis IV., grandson of Ercole HI. of Este (and cousin of the 
emperor Francis), is placed on the throne of Modena. 

Fei'dinand IV. of Naples and Sicily is reinstated in his conti- 
nental possessions (given to Joseph Bonaparte in 1806, and to Murat 
in 1808). 

The States of the Church are restored in nearly their former ex- 
tent, France retaining Avignon and Venaissin. 

Parma is given to the ex-empress Maria Louisa. 

Lucca is given to the Spanish infanta Maria Louisa (widow of 
Louis, son of the last duke of Parma, and ex-queen of Etruria) and 
her son, Charles Louis.* 

The Austrian dominions in Italy are erected into the Lombardo- 
Venetian Kingdom. 

Spain is secured to the dispossessed Bourbon dynasty. 

The Swiss Confederacy is reconstituted with 22 cantons. 

Of the colonial possessions taken by England from the Dutch 
and French, she retains Cape Colony, Ceylon, a large portion of the 
Dutch possessions in Guiana, Mauritius, Tobago, and Santa Lucia. 
She is secured in the possession of Malta and Heligoland. 

1815. Napoleon defeats Bliicher at Ligny, June 16. Repulse of Ney 
at Quatre-Bras, June 16. Napoleon is overwhelmed at 
Waterloo by Wellington and Bliicher, June 18. Second 
abdication of Napoleon at Fontainebleau, June 22. Entry 
of the allies into Paris, July 7. Louis XVIII. re-enters 
the capital, July 8 ; Second Restoration. Napoleon gives 
himself up to the captain of the "Bellerophon," July 15. 
(He lands at St. Helena, Oct. 16.) Formation of the 
Richelieu ministry by Louis XVIII. , Sept. 
Formation of the Holy Alliance between the sovereigns of 
Russia, Austria, and Prussia, Sept. 

* In a subsequent treaty, the reversion of Parma, on the death of the ex-empress 
Maria Louisa, was secured to Charles Louis. 
10 



132 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1815. Expedition of Marat to Calabria for the recovery of the king- 

dom of Naples, Oct. He is shot by order of court-martial, 

night of Oct. 13-14. 
Treaty constituting' the Ionian Islands a republic under 

British protection, Nov. 
Second peace of Paris, Nov. 20. 
Execution of Ney, Dec. 7. 
Milosh Obrenovitch heads a new insurrection of the Servian 

people. 
The Spaniards, under Morillo, overrun New Granada. 

1816. Congress charters a second Bank of the United States for 

twenty years. James Monroe is elected president of the 
United States ; Daniel D. Tompkins, vice-president. Ad- 
mission of Indiana into the Union. 

Charles Augustus, grand-duke of Saxe-Weimar, grants a 
representative government to his subjects. Openmg of 
the Diet {Bundestag)* of the German Confederation, 
Nov. 5. 

Fei'dinand IV. unites the kingdoms of Naples and Sicily into 
the single kingdom of the Two Sicilies, assTiming the title 
of Ferdinand I., Dec. 

Death of Maria I. of Portugal. Her son, John VI., pre- 
viously regent, succeeds as king of Portugal and of Brazil. 

Bombardment of Algiers by Lord Exmouth, Aug. 

The congress of Tucuman proclaims tlie independence of the 
Plata provinces, July 9. 

1817. Beginning of James Monroe's fii'st administration. Admis- 

sion of Mississippi into the Union. 

Formation of the United Evangelical Church in Prussia out 
of a union of the Lutheran and Calvinist churches. Wart- 
burg Festival of the German Burschenschaft (patriotic 
association of students), Oct. 18. 

Milosh Obi*enovitch is elected prince of Servia. 

The Mahrattas engage in a war with the English, who break 
their power. 

Bolivar establishes a Supreme Council in Venezuela, and as- 
sumes the chief power. . 

Publication of Cuvier's "Regne animal." 

1818. Campaign of Jackson against the Seminoles. He occupies 

Pensacola. Admission of Illuiois into the Union. 



* Composed of delegates appointed by the sovereigns of the several states. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 133 

1818. Congress of the Great Powers at Aix-la-Chapelle. With- 

drawal of the foreign armies from France. Dismissal of 
the Richelieu ministry, Dec. ; Louis XVIII. intrusts the 
administration of affairs to Decazes. 

Bernadotte succeeds Chai-les XIII. in Sweden and Norway as 
Charles XIV. John, Feb. 5. 

Ibrahim Pasha, son of Mehemet Ali, takes El-Derayeh, the 
capital of the Wahabees, and completes their subjugation. 

Mulhar Row Holkar, the Mahratta ruler of Indore, cedes a 
large part of his territories to the English, and becomes 
their vassal. The English subdue the Pindarees. 

The Chilians gain the battle of Maypu, and achieve their lib- 
eration from Spain. 

Foundation of the new University of Bonn. 

1819. Treaty between the United States and Spain for the cession 

of Florida to the United States. (Formal possession given 
to the United States in 1821.) Admission of Alabama into 
the Union. 

Dispersal of a great Radical reform meeting in Manchester, 
followed by a " massacre," Aug. 

Assassination of Kotzebue by Karl Sand at Mannheim, March 
23. Congress of Carlsbad, held by the members of the 
German Confederation. Adoption of the Carlsbad resolu- 
tions, directed against the freedom of the universities and 
the press. First beginnings of the German Zollverein. 

Victorious entry of Bolivar into Bogota. Union of New 
Granada and Venezuela to form the republic of Colombia, 
with Bolivar as president, Dec. 

Publication of Scott's ' ' Ivanhoe. " 

1820. Maine is detached from Massachusetts, and admitted into the 

Union. Adoption of the "Missouri Compromise," pro- 
hibiting slavery in the territory acquired from France 
north of latitude 36° 30', except within the limits of the 
state of Missouri, aboLit to be admitted into the Union. 
Re-election of James Moni-oe and Daniel D. Tompkins. 

George IV. succeeds his father, George III., Jan. 29. Trial 
of Queen Caroline. 

Assassination of the duke of Berry, second son of the future 
Charles X., Feb. 13. (Death of the duke, Feb. 14.) Dis- 
missal of Decazes, Feb. ; Richelieu again premier. 

Riego heads an insurrection in Spain against Ferdinand VII., 
who is forced to restore the constitution of 1812. 



134 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1820. Successful rising of the Carbonari (secret revolutionary asso- 

ciation) against Ferdinand I. of Naples. Insurrection in 

Sicily. Congress of tlie Great Powers at Troppau for the 

support of absolutism. 
Successful revolution in Portugal. 
Revolt of Ali Pasha of Janina. 
Insurrection in Hayti against Christophe, who puts an end 

to his life. 
Oersted announces his discoveries in electro-magnetism. 

1821. Beginning of Monroe's second administration. Admission of 

Missoui'i into the Union. 

Congress of the Great Powers at Lay bach. An Austrian 
force advances into the Neapolitan dominions, and restores 
the absolute authority of Ferdinand I. 

Revolution in Piedmont. Victor Emanuel I. resigns, March. 
Charles Albert, of the line of Savoy-Carignan, assumes the 
regency, and proclaims a liberal constitution. Intervention 
of Austria. Charles Felix, brother of Victor Emanuel, is 
placed on the Sardinian throne, April. The constitution is 
annulled. 

End of the Richelieu ministry, Dec. 

John VI. returns from Brazil to Portugal, leaving his son, 
Dom Pedro, regent of Brazil. 

Outbreak of the Greek Revolution. Alexander Ypsilanti raises 
the standard of revolt at Jassy, Moldavia, March. He is 
overthrown by the Turks, June. Heroic death of Georgakis 
and his followers. Suppression of the revolt in the north. 

Revolt in the Morea, March. Victorious efforts of the Greeks 
under Germanos, Colocotronis, Mavromichalis, Demetrius 
Ypsilanti, Mavrocordatos, Botzaris, Odysseus, and others. 
Successful rising in the Archipelago. Storming of Tripo- 
litza by the patriots, Oct. 

A new revolution in Mexico, heade^ by Iturbide, secures the 
independence of the country. 

The colonies of Central America declare themselves independ- 
ent of Spain. 

Victory of Bolivar and Paez at Carabobo, June 24, which puts 
an end to Spanish power in Colombia. 

San Martin enters Lima, and proclaims the independence of 
Peru. 

Appearance of Saint-Simon's " Systeme industriel." 

Death of Napoleon, May 5. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 135 

1822. Appointment of Canning as secretary of state for foreign af- 

fairs in the Liverpool ministry. 

Villele is made president of the new ministry in France 
(foi-med Dec, 1821). 

The struggle between the Constitutionalists and Eoyalists in 
Spain ends in the triumph of the former. The Great 
Powers, at a congress held at Verona, resolve to put down 
the Constitutionalists. 

Proclamation of Greek independence by the national assem- 
bly at Epidaurus, Jan. Fall of Ali Pasha of Janina, Feb. 
Massacres on the island of Scio by the Turks. The Greeks 
force the Acropolis of Athens to surrender, June. Defeat 
of the patriots at Peta, July. Disastrous campaign of 
the Turks in the Morea. Naval exploits of Miaulis and 
Canaris. 

Iturbide is proclaimed emperor of Mexico, May. Santa Anna 
and others proclaim the republic, Dec. 

Brazil proclaims her seiiaration from Portugal. Dom Pedro 
is declared constitutional emperor, Oct. 12. 

The battle of Pichincha, May, secures the liberation of the 
province of Quito from Spain. 

Union of the whole island of Hayti under Boyer. 

Establishment of the colony of Liberia by the American Colo- 
nization Society. 

Death of Shelley, Herschel, Canova. 

1823. Foundation of the British Anti-Slavery Society by Wilber- 

force and others. 

A French army, under the duke of Angouleme, invades Spain 
to restore the authority of Ferdinand VII. It enters Madrid, 
May. The Cortes retire to Cadiz, and defend the place. 
Storming of the Trocadero by the French, Aug. ; the Con- 
stitutionalists are crushed. 

The Suliote leader Marco Botzaris attacks the Turkish camp 
at Karpenisi, and falls, Aug. 

Pope Leo XII. succeeds Pius VII. 

Resignation of Iturbide, March. 

Guatemala, San Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa 
Rica constitute themselves the federal republic of Central 
America. 

Entry of Bolivar into Lima. 

The African expedition of Denham and Clapperton reaches 
Lake Tchad. 



136 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1824. Presidential election in the United States. Candidates for 

tlie presidency : Andrew Jackson, J. Q. Adams, W. H. 

Crawford, Henry Clay. None of the candidates receives a 

majority of the electoral votes. J. C. Calhoun is elected 

vice-president. 
Death of Louis XVIII., Sept. 16. Accession of his brother, 

Charles X. 
Death of Byron at Missolonghi, April 19. Ibrahim Pasha 

sails with an Egyptian force to restore the Turkish author- 
ity in Greece, but is baffled by Miaulis. 
Outbreak of a war between the English and Burmah. 
The Congress of Mexico constitutes the country a federal 

republic. 
Bolivar is made dictator of Peru. General Sucre overwhelms 

the Spaniards at Ayacucho, Dec. 9 ; the Spanish powder in 

South America completely destroyed. 

1825. John Quincy Adams is chosen president of the United States 

by the House of Representatives, Feb. 
The French government grants an indemnity of 1,000,000,000 

francs to the emigres. 
Death of Alexander I. of Russia, Dec. 1. Accession of his 

brother Nicholas I. Unsuccessful military insurrection in 

St. Petersburg. 
Louis I. succeeds his father, Maximilian I., in Bav^aria. 
Francis I. succeeds his father, Ferdinand I., in Naples. 
Portugal recognizes the independence of Brazil. 
Ibrahim Pasha makes himself master of the Morea. 
Bolivar resigns his dictatorship in Peru. Creation of the 

republic of Bolivia. 
France recognizes the independence of Hayti. 
Opening of the Erie Canal. 

Introduction of gas for general illumination in New York. 
Death of Saint-Simon, Lacepede, Richter (Jean Paul). 

1826. Death of John VI. of Portugal. His son, Pedro I. of Brazil, 

resigDS the Portuguese throne to his young davighter Maria 
da Gloria. 

Fall of Missolonghi after a desperate defense by the Greeks, 
April. The Turks occupy Athens, and besiege the Acropo- 
lis, Aug. The Greek government retires to ^gina. 

Massacre of the janizaries by Mahmoud II. ; the organization 
abolished. Treaty of Akerman between Russia and Turkey. 

Feth Ali, shah of Persia, makes war on Russia. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 137 

1826. End of the fii'st Burmese war; the British acquire Aracan, 

Tenasserim, and Assam. 

The Spaniards evacuate Callao, their last post in Peru. 

Foundation of the University of London. (Incorporated as 
University College in 1836, on the creation of the new Uni- 
versity of London.) 

Death of Jefferson (July 4) and of John Adams (July 4). 

1827. Canning succeeds the earl of Liverpool as prime-minister, 

April. Death of Canning, Aug. Goderich is appointed 

prime-minister. 
Charles X. dissolves the National Guard and the Chamher of 

Deputies. 
Frederick Augustus I. of Saxony is succeeded by his brother, 

Anthony. 
The Greek garrison in the AcrojiolLs of Athens is forced to 

surrender, June. Treaty of London between Great Britain, 

France, and Russia for the pacification of Greece, July 6. 

The allied fleets destroy the Turkish-Egj^ptian fleet at 

Navarino, Oct. 20. 
Brilliant campaign of the Russian general Paskevitch against 

the Persians. He takes Erivan and enters Tabriz. 
Parry's Arctic expedition reaches lat. 82° 45'. 
Death of Laplace and of Beethoven. 

1828. Andrew Jackson is elected president of the United States ; de- 

feated candidate, John Quincy Adams. Calhoun is re- 
elected vice-president. 

Resignation of Goderich, Jan. Wellington forms a new min- 
istry. Repeal of the Test Act. 

The Martignac ministry in France succeeds that of Villele, 
Jan. 

Dom Miguel, having been appointed regent of Portugal by his 
brother, Dom Pedro, usurps the throne. 

Capo d'Istria, having been elected president in 1827, assumes 
the government of Greece. A French army lands in the 
Morea, which Ibrahim Pasha is forced to evacuate. 

Russia begins a war against Turkey, April. The Russian 
forces, under Wittgenstein, cross the Danube, June. Pas- 
kevitch takes Kara, July. Fall of Varna, Oct. 

Peace of Turkmantchai between Russia and Pei'sia, Feb. ; 
Pei*sian Armenia ceded to Russia. 

Guerrero heads a successful insurrection against the govern- 
ment in Mexico, 



138 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1828. Uruguay is recognized as an independent republic. 

1829. Beginning of Andrew Jackson's first administration. 
Passage of the Catholic Emancipation Act in England, April. 

O'Conuell takes his seat in Parliament. 

End of the Martignac ministry m France, Aug. Formation 
of the Polignac ministry. 

End of the Greek Revolution. 

The Russian general Diebitsch takes Silistria. Paskevitch 
takes Erzerum. Diebitsch passes the Balkans, and enters 
Adrianople. Peace of Adi*ianople, Sept. 14; Turkey relin- 
quishes to Russia the northeastern coast-land of the Black 
Sea, and transfers to her the suzerainty over the tribes of 
the Caucasus ; she also cedes to her the district of Akhal- 
tzik; she accords to Russia a protectorate over Moldavia 
and Wallachia, and agrees to recognize the independence 
of Greece. 

Death of Pope Leo XII. , Feb. Election of Pius VIII. , March. 

Spain makes a fruitless attempt to recover Mexico. Busta- 
mante heads a revolt against Guerrero, proclaiming the 
Plan of Jalapa. 

Separation of Venezuela from Colombia. 

Rosas, the leader of the Federalists against the Unitarios, at- 
tains to the supreme power in the Argentine Republic. 

The first great cholera epidemic in Europe begins to spread in 
Russia. 

Death of Friedrich von Schlegel, Thomas Young, Davy, La- 
marck. 

1830. Famous debate in Congress between Webster and Hayne, 

Jan. Organization of the church of the Mormons at Man- 
chester, N. y . , by Joseph Smith. 

The London Protocol of the Great Powers declares Greece an 
independent kingdom, Feb. The Porte recognizes the Pro- 
tocol. 

Death of George IV., June 26. Accession of his brother 
William IV. The Grey ministry succeeds that of Welling- 
ton, Nov. 

The French begin the conquest of Algeria. General Bour- 
mont takes Algiers, July. 

Charles X. publishes his unconstitutional "ordinances," July 
26 (signed the day previous). Revolution in Paris, July 
27-29 ; ovei'throw of the Bourbon dynasty. Abdication of 
Charles X., Aug. 2, followed by his flight from France. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 139 

1830. Louis Philippe, duke of Orleans, is declared king by the 
chambers, Aug. 7. He is formally installed, Aug. 9. For- 
mation of the Laffitte ministry. 

Outbreak of the Belgian insurrection, Aug. 25. A Dutch 
army, after entering Brussels, is forced to retreat, Sept. 
Belgium declares her independence, Oct. 4. The revolu- 
tionists enter Antwerp, Oct. The Dutch garrison in the 
citadel, under General Chasse, bombards the city. Opening 
of a national congress, Nov. A conference of the Great 
Powers in London recognizes the independence of Belgium, 
Dec. 

Charles, duke of Brunswick, is expelled by his subjects, Sept. 
Revolutionary movements in Saxony and Hesse-Cassel, 
Sept. -Oct. 

Outbreak of a revolution in Poland, Nov. 29. The Russian 
forces, under the grand-duke Constantine, retire from War- 
saw. The Poles appoint Chlopicki dictator, Dec. 

Ferdinand 11. succeeds his father, Francis I. , in Naples. 

Death of Pope Pius VIII., Nov. 30. 

Bustamante assumes the executive power in Mexico. 

End of the presidency of Bolivar in Colombia. Foundation 
of the republic of Ecuador (previously part of Colombia). 
Death of Bolivar. 

Opening of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway ; success- 
ful inauguration of the modern system of passenger trans- 
portation on steam railways. 

The brothers Lander establish the identity of the Quorra and 
Niger rivers. 

1831. William Lloyd Garrison begins the publication of the "Lib- 

erator " in Boston. 

Lord John Russell introduces the Reform Bill in Parliament, 
March 1. 

Casimir Perier is made prime-minister by Louis Philippe, 
March. Insurrectionary riots of the silk weavers in Lyons, 
Nov. Abolition of the hereditary peerage in France. 

The Belgians elect Leopold of Saxe-Coburg their king, June 4. 
He ascends the throne, July 21. The Dutch forces defeat 
the Belgians, Aug., but are arrested by the advance of a 
French army, under Marshal Gerard. 

William II., elector of He^e-Cassel, is forced to grant a new 
constitution to his subjects. Saxony receives a new consti- 
tutional government. 



140 CHEONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1831. Resignation of the Polish dictator Chlopicki, Jan. The na- 

tional government, under the lead of Adam Czartoryski, 
declares the independence of Poland, Jan. 25. A Russian 
army, under Diebitsch, invades the country. Battles near 
Warsaw, Feb. -March. The Poles, under Skrzynecki, are 
unsuccessful at Ostrolenka, May 26. A Polish army, sent 
to revolutionize Lithuania, is forced to lay down its arms in 
Prussia, July. Masterly retreat of Dembinski from Lithu- 
ania. Capitulation of Warsaw, Sept. 8. Complete subjec- 
tion of Poland. 

Revolutions in Modena and the Papal States, which are sup- 
pressed by Austrian intervention. Charles Albert succeeds 
Charles Felix as king of Sardinia, April. 

Election of Pope Gregory XVI., Feb. 

Assassination of Capo d'Istria at Nauplia, Oct. 9. 

Mehemet Ali, viceroy of Egypt, sends an army under Ibrahim 
Pasha to occuj)y Syria. 

Abdication of Pedro I. of Brazil in favor of his son, Pedro II. , 
April. Establishment of a regency. 

Ravages of the cholera in central Europe. 

Captain John Ross determines the position of the true mag- 
netic pole (Boothia Felix). 

Death of Niebuhr, Monroe (July 4), Hegel. 

1832. Black Hawk's War; defeat of the Sacs and Foxes. Nullifica- 

tion movement in South Carolina; John C. Calhoun the 
champion of state rights. Andrew Jackson is re-elected 
president ; principal defeated candidate, Henry Clay. Mar- 
tin Van Buren is elected vice-president. 

Final passage of the Reform Bill by Parliament, June. 

Death of Casimir Perier, May. Disturbances in Paris, June. 
Soult forms a coalition ministry, including Thiers and 
Guizot, Oct. (Soult president of the council till 1834.) The 
duchess of Berry, having attempted a revolution in favor 
of her son, the duke de Bordeaux (afterward count de 
Chambord), is arrested, Nov. 

Abd-el-Kader takes the lead in the struggle against the French 
in Algeria. 

Marshal Gerard lays siege to the citadel of Antwerp, Nov. Its 
commander, General Chasse, surrenders, Dec. 23 ; liberation 
of Belgium. 

Great German Liberal meeting at Hambach (Hambach Fes- 
tival). 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 141 

1832. The Austrians occupy Bologna, the French the citadel of 

Ancona. (The occupation of both lasts till 1838.) 

Poland is declared an integral part of the Russian Empire. 

Dom Pedro, ex-emperor of Brazil, leads an expeditionary force 
collected by the opponents of the usurper Dom Miguel at 
the island of Terceira, for the dethronement of his brother. 
He enters Oporto, July. 

Separation of Basel into two half-cantons, Basel City and 
Basel Country. 

Otho, the second son of Louis I. of Bavaria, is placed on the 
throne of Greece by the Gr-eat Powers. 

Ibrahim Pasha storms Acre, May. He defeats the Turks at 
Homs, July. He wins a great victory at Konieh, Dec. 20. 

Overthrow of the government of Bustamante. 

The cholera spreads over western Europe, and ravages Amer- 
ica. 

Death of J. F. Champollion, Goethe, Cuvier, Bentham, Scott. 

1833. Henry Clay's tariff compromise. President Jackson removes 

the public funds from the Bank of the United States. For- 
mation of the American Anti-Slavery Society. 

Act abolishing slavery in the British West Indies, Aug. (To 
take effect Aug. 1, 1834.) 

Revolutionary attempt at Frankfoi-t, April, followed by in- 
creased reactionary measures on the part of the German 
governments. A liberal constitution is granted in Han- 
over by the viceroy, the duke of Cambridge. 

Death of Ferdinand VII. of Spain, Sept. 29. His infant 
daughter, Isabella II. , succeeds under the regency of her 
mother, Maria Christina. Don Carlos, uncle of Isabella, 
proclaims himself the lawful sovereign. Outbreak of the 
Carlist insurrection. 

The fleet of Dom Pedro, commanded by Sir Charles Napier, 
vanquishes that of Dom Miguel off Cape St. Vincent, July 5. 
Dom Pedro enters Lisbon, July, and declares himself regent 
for his daughter, Dona Maria. 

Arrival of King Otho in Greece. 

A Russian force prepares to aid Mahmoud II. against Mehemet 
Ali, who makes peace, receiving Syria and other territories 
from the sultan. Treaty of Unkiar Skelessi between Russia 
and the Porte. 

Beginning of the first presidency of Santa Anna in Mexico. 

1834. Act of Congress for the formation of an Indian Territory. 



142 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1834. Lord Melbourne succeeds Grey as premier, July. Fall of the 

Melbourne ministry, Nov. Peel becomes premier, Dec. 

Peace between the French and Abd-el-Kader, who is recog- 
nized as emir of Mascara, Feb. Insurrection in Lyons and 
riot in Paris, April. 

Quadruple treaty between England, France, Spain, and Portu- 
gal, directed against Dom Miguel and Don Carlos, April. 
Submission of Dom Miguel, May. Maria da Gloria is de- 
clared of age, Sept. Death of Dom Pedro, Sept. 

Death of Feth Ali, shah of Persia. He is succeeded by his 
grandson, Mohammed Shah. 

Death of Schleiermacher, Lafayette, Coleridge, Lamb. 

1835. Outbreak of the second war with the Seminoles. 
Reorganization of the Mexican Republic into a centralized 

state. Revolution in Texas against the Mexican authority. 
Resignation of Peel, April ; Lord Melbourne again premier. 

Passage of the Municipal Corporations Act for England. 
Attempt of Fieschi on the life of Louis Philippe, July 28. 
The French attack Abd-el-Kader. Clausel burns Mascara. 
Ferdinand I. succeeds his father, Francis I., in Austria, 

March 2. 
Otho, king of Greece, attains his majority. 
The migration of the Boers from Cape Colony begins. 
Great fire in New York, Dec. 

1836. Admission of Arkansas into the Union. Martin Van Buren 

is elected president of the United States, and Richard M. 
Johnson vice-president ; principal defeated candidate for the 
presidency, William H. Harrison. 

Storming of the Alamo, near San Antonio, by Santa Anna, 
March. Houston defeats the Mexicans on the San Jacinto, 
and captures Santa Anna, April 21, 22. Inauguration of 
Houston as president of Texas. 

Formation of a Thiers cabinet in France, Feb. Thiere re- 
signs, Aug. Mole is appointed premier, Sept. Attempt of 
Louis Napoleon at Strasburg to excite a revolution in his 
favor, Oct. 

The French, under Clausel, take Tlemcen, Jan. Abd-el-Kader 
achieves a victory near that place, April. Bugeaud defeats 
him on the Sikkak, July. Unsuccessful expedition of Clau- 
sel against Constantine. 

Revolutionary movement against the queen-regent of Spain, 
Maria Christina, at the palace of La Gran j a, Aug. She 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 143 

1836. swears to the constitution of 1812. Espartero is victorious 
over the Carlists at Luchana, Dec. , and, aided, by a British 
fleet, forces them to raise the siege of Bilbao. 

Establishment of the new University of London. 
Appearance of Dickens's "Pickwick Papers." 
Death of Madison and of A. L. de Jussieu. 

1837. Admission of Michigan into the Union. Beginning of Martin 

Van Buren's administration. Financial iianic in the United 
States. Incorporation of Chicago as a city. 

Death of William IV., June 20. Accession of his niece, Vic- 
toria. Separation of Hanover from England in virtue of 
the Salic law. Ernest Augustus, duke of Cumberland, bro- 
ther of William IV., succeeds in that kingdom. He abro- 
gates the constitution of 1833, and dismisses seven of the 
principal professors at Gottingen on account of their protest. 

Treaty of the Tafna between the French and Abd-el-Kader, 
May. The French, under General Valee, storm Constan- 
tine, Oct. 

The Carlist forces appear before Madrid. They retreat before 
General Espartero. 

The Caucasian chieftain Shamyl defeats the Russian general 
Ivelitch. 

The Persians lay siege to Herat. 

Insurrections in Canada. 

Bustamante becomes for a second time president of Mexico. 

Pviblication of Carlyle's "French Revolution." 

Death of Pushkin. 

1838. Victorious campaign of Espartero against the Carlists. 
The Pereians are forced to raise the siege of Herat. 

The India government declares war against Dost Mohanuned, 

ameer of Cabool. 
Order restored in Canada. 

The invention of photography perfected by Daguerre. 
Inauguration of trans- Atlantic steam navigation. 

1839. Formation of the Anti-Corn-Law League; agitation of Cob- 

den and others. The Chartists present a petition to Par- 
liament, demanding univereal suffrage and other reforms. 
Chartist riot at Newport, in Monmouthshire. 

Fall of the Mole ministry, March. Soult forms a new cabi- 
net. May. 

Renewal of the struggle between Abd-el-Kader and the French. 
Successes of Abd-el-Kader. 



144 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1839. Espartero concludes the convention of Vergara with the 

Carlist general Mai-oto, Aug. 31 ; the powei' of Don Carlos 
completely broken. 

Holland and Belgium make a final settlement ; Luxemburg 
and Limburg divided between the two kingdoms. 

Christian VIII. succeeds Frederick VI. in Denmark. 

Sultan Mahmoud II. makes war on Mehemet Ali, viceroy of 
Egypt. The Turkish forces, under Hafiz Pasha, are com- 
pletely defeated by Ibrahim Pasha at Nizib, June 24. Death 
of Mahmoud II., July 1. Accession of Abdul-Medjid. The 
Turkish fleet is treacherously surrendered to the Egyptians, 
July. Abdul-Medjid, acting under the guidance of Reshid 
Pasha, begins the constitutional reform of The Tui'kish 
Empire by the promulgation of the Hatti-Sherif of Gul- 
hane, Nov. 3. 

The Russians, under General Grabbe, make a victorious ad- 
vance against the Caucasians, and take Akulgo. 

Russian expedition, under Perovski, against Khiva. (Ends in 
total disaster, 1840.) 

The British forces traverse the Bolan pass, and invade Afghan- 
istan. They enter Candahar, April, take Ghuzni, July 22, 
and occupy Cabool, Aug. Shah Shujah is placed nominally 
on the throne. 

Death of the Sikh ruler Runjeet Singh. 

The British take possession of Aden. 

Dissolution of the confederacy of Central America. 

1840. William H. Harrison is elected president of the United States, 

and John Tyler vice-president ; defeated candidate for the 
presidency, Martin Van Buren. 

Marriage of Queen Victoria with Prince Albert of Saxe- 
Coburg-Gotha, Feb. 10. 

Fomiation of a new Thiers ministry, March. Attempt of 
Louis Napoleon at Boulogne to raise an insurrection in his 
favor, Aug. He is arrested and imprisoned. 

Frederick William IV. succeeds his father Frederick William 
III. in Prussia, June 7. 

End of the Carlist insurrection. Revolutionary movements 
against Maria Christina. She quits Spain, leaving Espar- 
tero at the head of affairs, Oct. 

Abdication of William I. of Holland in favor of his son 
William II., Oct. 

London Treaty of the Great Powers (France not included) 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 145 

1840. directed against Mehemet Ali, July 15. British and Aus- 
trian expedition to Syria. Beyi'out is bombarded and taken, 
Sei3t. Capture of Acre, Nov. Sir Chai-les Napier appears 
before Alexandria, Nov. Mehemet Ali sues for peace. 

Eesignation of Thiers, Oct. Formation of a ministry under 
Soult, with Guizot as minister of foreign affairs. The re- 
mains of Napoleon I. are brought to Paris. 

The Circassians successfully attack the Russian forts on the 
Black Sea. 

Dost Mohammed delivers himself up to the English, Nov. 

Outbreak of the Opium War between England and China, 

The Mormons found the city of Nauvoo, in Illinois. 

Introduction of Rowland Hill's cheap postage system in 
England. 

1841. Inauguration of William H. Harrison, March 4. He dies, 

April 4, and is succeeded by John Tyler. 

Mehemet Ali makes peace with the sultan. He renounces 
Syi'ia and other territories, and is recognized as hereditary, 
though tributary, ruler of Egyjjt. Treaty between Turkey 
and the Great Powers ; closing of the Dardanelles against 
foreign vessels of war. 

Resignation of the Melbourne ministry, Aug. Peel becomes 
prime-minister, Sept. 

Louis Philippe begins the vast fortifications of Paris. 

The French take Mascara. 

Espartero is appomted regent by the Spanish Cortes. 

Successful insurrection of the Afghan chiefs in Cabool, Nov. ; 
massacre of Sir Alexander Burnes and others. Assassina- 
tion of Sir William McNaghten, Dec. 

The British reduce the Bogue forts, guarding the Canton 
River, and the forts commanding Canton, and compel the 
surrender of the city. They take Amoy. 

Santa Anna becomes virtual dictator of Mexico. 

Death of Lermontoff . 

1842. Final termination of the war with the Seminoles. The 

United States and Great Britain conclude the Ashburton 
Treaty for the settlement of the northeastern boundary of 
the United States. Fremont undertakes the exploration 
of the Rocky Mountain region. (Explorations continued 
during several years.) 
The duke of Orleans, eldest son of Louis Philippe, Ls killed 
by an accident, July 13. 



14G CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1842. Successful campaign of the French, in Algeria. 
Unsuccessful campaign of the Russians, under General 

Grabbe, in the Caucasus. 

The British army, having agreed to evacuate Afghanistan, 
begins its fatal retreat from Cabool. It is overwhelmed in 
the Kurd-Cabool Pass, Jan. Successful defense of Jella- 
labad by General Sale and of Candahar by General Nott. 
General Pollock, after forcing the Khyber Pass, relieves 
General Sale, April. Entry of Pollock into Cabool, Sept. 
The British withdrav^ from Afghanistan, and release Dost 
Mohammed. 

The British occupy Shanghai, June, take Chinkiang, July, and 
advance to Nanking. Treaty of Nanking, Aug. ; the ports 
of Canton, Amoy, Foochow, Ningpo, and Shanghai to be 
thrown open to British commerce ; Hong-kong ceded to 
England. (Treaty ratified in 1843.) 

The British take j)ossession of the Boer republic in Natal. 

Completion of the Walhalla. 

Great fire in Hamburg, May. 

Death of SLsmondi. 

1843. O'Connell, the leader in the movement for the repeal of the 

union of Ireland with Great Britain, organizes a monster 
meeting on the Hill of Tara, Aug. He is arrested, Oct. 

Formation of the Free Church of Scotland. 

A revolution in Spain, headed by Narvaez, puts an end to 
the regency of Espartero. Isabella II. is declared of age. 

A bloodless rising in Athens compels King Otho to promise 
a constitution. (See 1844.) 

Annexation of Sinde to British India after a brilliant cam- 
paign under Sir Charles Napier. 

The Thames tunnel is opened to the public. 

Death of Southey and of Delavigne. 

1844. James K. Polk is elected president of the United States, and 

George M. Dallas vice-president ; defeated candidate for 
the presidency, Henry Clay. 

Remodelling of the Bank of England by Peel's Bank Charter 
Act. 

Defeat of Abd-el-Kader by the French. His ally, Abderrah- 
man, emperor of Morocco, is overwhelmed by Bugeaud on 
the river Isly, Aug. 14. Bombardment of Mogadore by the 
prince de Joinville, Aug. 15. The em^Deror makes peace. 

The exhibition of the "holy coat" at Treves attracts vast pil- 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. I47 

1844. grimages. Johann Ronge inaugurates the German Catholic 
movement. 

The brothers Bandiera attempt an insurrection in Southern 
Italy. They are executed. 

Oscar I. succeeds his father, Charles XIV. John, in Sweden, 
March. 

Establishment of constitutional government in Greece. 

China concludes treaties with the United States and France. 

Restoration of constitutional government in Mexico. 

The eastern portion of the island of Hayti is formed into the 
republic of Santo Domingo. 

Beginning of the dictatorship of Carlos Antonio Lopez in 
Paraguay. 

Successful inauguration of the telegraphic line between Balti- 
more and Washington constructed by Moree. 

Death of Thorwaldsen and of E. Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. 

Appearance of Eugene Sue's "Wandering Jew." 

1845. Admission of Florida into the Union. Beginning of James 

K. Polk's administration. Texas joins the Union as a state. 

The French general Pelissier suffocates a multitude of Kabyles 
in a cave at Dahra. 

Vorontzoff leads a powerful expedition against the tribes of 
the Caucasus. 

England and France make war on Eosas, dictator of the Ar- 
gentine Republic. 

Outbreak of the first Sikh War. Victories of the British gen- 
eral Sir Hugh Gough at Moodkee and Fei'ozeshah, Dec. 

Publication of the first portion of Humboldt's "Kosmos." 

Sir John Franklin sails on his last voyage in search of a 
northwest passage. 

Death of Sydney Smith, Hood, A. W. Schlegel, Andrew 
Jackson. 

1846. Admission of Iowa into the Union. War between the United 

States and Mexico. General Taylor defeats the Mexicans 
at Palo Alto, May 8, and at Resaca de la Palma, May 9, 
and forces Monterey to surrender, Sept. 24. Occupation of 
California and New Mexico by American forces. — Repre- 
sentative Wilmot introduces his "Proviso" (not adopted 
by the Senate) for the exclusion of slavery from all terri- 
tory to be acquired from Mexico. — Treaty between the 
United States and Great Britain for the settlement of the 
northwestern boundary of the United States. 
11 



148 CHRONOLOGICAL TAELE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1846. A great famine visits Ireland. Repeal of the English Corn 

Laws by act of June 26. Resignation of Peel, June 29. 
Lord John Russell becomes premier, July 6. 

Escape of Louis Napoleon from Ham, May. 

Marriage of Isabella 11. of Spain with Francisco de Asis, and 
of her sister, Louisa, with the duke de Montpensier, young- 
est son of Louis Philippe. 

Revolutionaiy movement in Portugal ; Costa-Cabral driven 
from power. 

Unsuccessful rising of the Poles, Feb. Mieroslawski, while 
preparing to head the insurrection in Posen, is ai'rested 
by the Prussians. Massacre of the Polish nobles in Galicia 
by the peasantry. The republic of Cracow is suppressed, 
the city and territory being annexed to Austria. 

Death of Pope Gregory XVI., June 1. Election of Pius IX., 
June 16. The poiie inaugurates great reforms in his states. 

Sir Hugh Gough defeats the Sikhs at Aliwal, Jan., and at 
Sobraon, Feb. The Sikhs conclude peace at Lahore, and 
cede a great portion of their territory to tlie East India 
Company. 

Discovery of the planet Neptune. 

Dr. Morton publicly introduces the use of anaesthetics in Bos- 
ton. 

Elias Howe patents his sewing machine. 

1847. General Taylor defeats Santa Anna at Buena Vista, Feb. 23. 

General Scott reduces Vera Cruz ; his forces occupy the 
city, March 29. He is victorious over Santa Anna at Cerro 
Gordo, April 18. The Americans take Puebla, May 15. 
Successes of the Americans at Contreras and Churubusco, 
Aug. 20. Storming of Molino del Rey by General Worth, 
Sept. 8. Storming of Chapultepec, Sept. 13. Entry of 
Scott into the city of Mexico, Sept. 14. 

The great famine continues in Ireland ; vast increase of emi- 
gration. 

Resignation of Soult as prime-minister, Sept. Guizot, the vir- 
tual head of Soult's cabinet, succeeds to his place. Abd-el- 
Kader gives himself up to General Lamoriciere, Dec. 

Meeting of the so-called United Landtag in Prussia. 

Pius IX. continues his liberal reforms. His policy excites the 
armed oi)position of Austria. 

The Swiss Federal Diet decrees the expulsion of the Jesuits. 
The resistance of the seven cantons of the Sonderbund 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNR^ERSAL HISTORY. 149 

1847. (formed in 1843), Lucerne, Uri, Schwytz, Unterwalden, Zug, 
Fribourg-, and Valais, results in civil war. Overthrow of the 
Sonderbund by the Federal forces, under General Dufour. 

Revolutionary outbreaks in the Two Sicilies. 
Death of O'Connell and of Mendelssohn-Bartholdy. 

1848. Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo between the United States and 

Mexico, Feb. 2. Admission of Wisconsin into the Union. 
Act for the organization of Oregon Territory. Migration of 
the Mormons to the Great Salt Lake. Formation of the 
Free Soil party. Zachary Taylor is elected president, and 
Millard Filmore vice-president; principal defeated candi- 
date for the presidency, Lewis Cass. 
Disturbances in Lombardy, Jan. Sicily rises against Ferdi- 
nand II., Jan. Frederick VII. succeeds his father. Chris- 
tian VIII., in Denmark, Jan. Ferdinand II. of Naples and 
Charles Albert of Sardinia are forced to accord a represen- 
tative constitution to their subjects, Jan.-Feb. (Sicily con- 
tinues in rebellion.) Disturbances in Paris, Feb. 22. Strug- 
gle in Paris between the troops and the people, Feb. 23. 
Louis Philippe dismisses Guizot, Feb. 23 ; Thiers is charged 
with the formation of a new ministry. Triumph of the 
revolution in France, Feb. 24 ; abdication of Louis Philippe. 
Formation of a provisional government, including Dupont 
de I'Eure, Lamartine, Ledru-Rollin, Etienne Arago, Cre- 
mieux, Garnier-Pages, and others, Feb. 24. Formal proc- 
lamation of the republic in France, Feb. 27. Opening of a 
workingmen's convention in Paris under the superintend- 
ence of Louis Blanc, March. Outbreak of a revolution in 
Vienna, March 13; fall of Metternich. Promulgation of a 
representative constitution by Pius IX., March 14. Revo- 
lutionary movement in Pesth, March 15. Appointment of 
an independent Hungarian ministry, the Batthyanyi-Kos- 
suth ministry, March 17. Outbreak of an insurrection 
against Austrian I'ule in Milan, March 18. Rising in Berlin 
against the government of Frederick William IV. , March 

18. The king yields to the demands of the people, March 

19. Revolution in Panna, March. Louis I. of Bavaria, in 
consequence of revolutionary movements, abdicates in favor 
of his son, Maximilian II. , March 20. The people of Venice 
take up arms against the Austrians, March 22. They estab- 
lish a republic, with Manin at its head, March 23. Radetzky 
is forced to withdraw his army from Milan, March 23. The 



150 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1848. duke of Modena is forced by revolutionary movements to 
quit his dominions, March. Charles Albert of Sardinia be- 
gins a war against Austria for the liberation of Italy, March. 
Outbreak of the first Schleswig-Holstein War ; the people of 
the duchies rise in insurrection against the king of Denmark, 
March. Meetmg of the German Vorparlament at Frank- 
fort, March 31. The Pi'ussians take up the cause of Schles- 
wig-Holstein, and begin a campaign against the Danes, 
April. Great Chartist demonstration in London, April 
10. Closing of the last Diet of Presburg, April 11. Un- 
successful republican insurrection in Baden under Hecker 
and Struve, April. Rising of the Poles in Posen under 
Mieroslawski, April. Decree abolishing slavery in the 
French colonies, Aj^ril 27. Opening of the Constituent 
Assembly in France, May 4. Arrest of the Irish revolu- 
tionist John Mitchel, May. Collapse of the insurrection 
in Posen, May. Red Republican disturbances in Pai'is, 
May 15. Bloody conflict at Naples, which is bombarded by 
Ferdinand II., May 15; re-establishment of absolutism. 
Movement against the government in Vienna, May 15. 
Flight of the emperor Ferdinand from Vienna, May 17. 
Opening of the Frankfort Parliament, May 18. Meeting of 
the Prussian Constituent Assembly, May 22. Opening of a 
Pan-Slavic congress m Prague, June 2. Surrender of the pa- 
pal forces at Vicenza to the Austrians, June 11. Insurrection 
in Prague, quelled by Windischgratz, June. The people 
storm the arsenal of Berlin, June 14. Bloody conflict be- 
tween the Parisian populace and the government, June 23-26 ; 
General Cavaignac suppresses the insurrection. Cavaignac 
is appointed chief of the executive power in France, June. 
The Frankfort Parliament elects the archduke John of 
Austria vicar of Germany, June 29. Opening of the Hun- 
garian National Assembly, July 5. Meeting of an Austrian 
Parliament, July 22. The Austrian forces, under Radetzky, 
defeat Charles Albert at Custozza, July 25. O'Brien at- 
tempts an insurrection in Ireland, July. (He is made pris- 
oner, Aug. 5.) General Radetzky re-enters Milan, Aug. 6. 
Armistice between Charles Albert and the Austrians, Aug. 
9. The Hungarian forces are repulsed by Serb insurgents, 
Aug. Prussia and Denmark conclude the armistice of 
Malmo for the suspension of the Schleswig-Holstein contest, 
Aug. 26. The forces of Ferdinand II., under Filangieri, 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 151 

1848. recover Messina, Sept. 7. Jcllachich, ban of Croatia, enters 
upon a campaign against the Hungarians, Sept. Insurrec- 
tion of the Eadicals in Frankfort, Sept. 18. Formation of 
a Hungarian Committee of Defense, with Kossuth at its 
head, Sept. Struve fails in a new revolutionary attempt in 
Baden, Sept. Count Lamberg, having been sent by the 
emperor Ferdinand to dissolve the Hungarian National As- 
sembly, is murdered at Buda-Pesth, Sept. 28. Jellachich, 
after menacing Buda, is defeated by the Hungarians, Sept. 
29. Vienna rises in insurrection, Oct. 6. Second flight of 
the emperor Ferdinand from his capital, Oct. 7. The Hun- 
garian forces, after advancing almost to the gates of Vienna, 
are routed, Oct. 30. Storming of Vienna by Windischgratz^ 
Oct. 31. Adoption of a republican constitution in France, 
Nov. 4. Assassination of Count Rossi, prime-minister of 
Pius IX., Nov. 15. Rismg in Rome against the pope, Nov. 
16. Formation of the Schwarzenberg ministry in Austria, 
Nov. 21. Pius IX. escapes from Rome, Nov. 24, and takes 
refuge in Gaeta. Abdication of the emperor Ferdinand of 
Austria in favor of his nephew, Francis Joseph, Dec. 2. 
The king of Prussia dissolves the Constituent Assembly, and 
publishes a constitution of his- own, Dec. 5. Louis Napo- 
leon is elected president of France, Dec. 10. The Austrians, 
under Schlick, enter Kaschau, Dec. Establishment of a 
provisional government in Rome, Dec. 11. Louis Napoleon 
enters upon his presidency, Dec. 20. Victories of the Hun- 
garians, under Bem, over the insurgent Wallachs and Im- 
perialists in Transylvania, Dec. Retreat of the Hungarian 
general Gorgey before the forces of Windischgratz, Dec. 
The Hungarians, under Perczel, are defeated at Moor 
Dec. 29. 

Ibrahim Pasha succeeds Mehemet Ali as viceroy of Egypt. 
He dies, and is succeeded by Abbas Pasha. 

Outbreak of the second Sikh War in India. 

Nasr-ed-Din succeeds Mohammed Shah in Persia. 

The governor of Cape Colony attacks the Boers, and occupies 
the Orange River Sovereignty. (See 1854.) A portion of 
the Boers migrate beyond the Vaal, where they establish the 
Trans- Vaal Republic. 

Discovery of gold in California. 

Publication of the first portion of Macaulay's "History of 
England." 



152 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1848. Death of Jolin Quincy Adams, Donizetti, Chateaubriand, 

Berzelius, George Stephenson. 

1849. Beginning of Zacliary Taylor's administration. 
Dissolution of the French Constituent Assembly and meeting 

of the Legislative Assembly, May. Eevolutiouary attempts 
of the Radicals in Paris, June 13. Louis Napoleon ap- 
points a Bonapartist ministry, Oct. 31. 

Meeting of the new Prussian chambers, Feb. 26. The Frank- 
fort Parliament, having framed a constitution for Germany, 
decrees the imperial crown to Frederick William IV., March 
28. It is declined by tlie king, April 3. The Danes, having 
renewed the contest with Schleswig-Holstein, make a dis- 
astrous attemiit on Eckernforde, April 5. The German 
forces sent to aid Schleswig-Holstein storm the lines of 
Diippel, April 13. The Schleswig-Holstein forces take 
Kolding, in Jutland, April 20. Frederick William IV. dis- 
solves the Lower House of the Prvissian chambers, April 27. 
Republican rising in the Palatinate, May. Insurrection in 
Dresden, suppressed by the aid of Prussia, May. Revolu- 
tion in Baden, May. Prussia, Hanover, Saxony, and other 
German states form a confederation (DreiJcdnigsbund), May 
26. The remaining members of the Frankfort Parliament 
adjourn, May 30, and renew their sessions in Stuttgart 
(Rump Parliament), June 6. The assembly is dissolved, 
June 18. The revolutionists in the Palatinate and Baden 
are overthrown by the Prussian arms, June. A portion of 
members of the late Frankfort Parliament, the party of 
Gagern and Dahlmann, hold an assembly at Gotha, June. 
The Schleswig-Holstein army is repulsed before Fridericia, 
July 5, 6. Armistice between Prussia and Denmark, July 
10. Surrender of the fortress of Rastadt, July 23 ; end of 
the struggle of the revolutionists in Baden. The Prussian 
chambers (with a newly elected Lower House) are reopened, 
Aug. 7. 

General Schlick disperses the forces of the Hungarian general 
Meszaros at Kaschau, Jan. 4. The Hungarians abandon 
Buda-Pesth, Jan. 5. Successes of Klapka against Schlick, 
Jan. A Russian force enters Transylvania to assist the 
Austrians, Feb. The forces of Gorgey are victorious over 
those of Schlick at Mount Branyiszko, Feb. 5. Dembinski, 
the commander-in-chief of the Hungarians, loses the battle 
of Kapolna, Feb. 26, 27. Francis Joseph issues .a constitu- 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVErwSAL HISTORY. I53 

1849. tion for the Austrian Empire, which abrogates the national 
avitonomy of Hungary, March 4. Victory of the Hungarians 
at Szolnok, March 5. Bern overcomes the Russians and Im- 
perialists in Transylvania, March. Gorgey executes a vic- 
torious advance against the Austrians, April. The Diet at 
Debreczin pi'oclaims the independence of Hungary, April 
14 ; the country is declared a republic, with Kossuth as gov- 
ernor. Gorgey, after a victory at Nagy-Sarlo, relieves Co- 
morn, April. Storming of Buda by the Hungarians, May 21. 
The Russian general Paskevitch invades Hungary, June. 
Gorgey unsuccessfully opposes the Austrians on the Waag, 
and loses Raab, June. Battle of Szony, July 2. The Aus- 
trians re-enter Pesth, July 13. Battle of Waitzen between 
Gorgey and Paskevitch, July 15. Bern is vanquished by 
the Russians at Schassburg, July 31. Brilliant sortie of 
Klapka from Comorn, Aug. 3. Victory of the Austrians, 
under Haynau, at Temesvar, Aug. 9. Kossuth resigns the 
civil and military power into the hands of Gorgey, Aug. 
11. Gorgey surrenders the Hungarian army to the Russian 
general Rildiger at Vilagos, Aug. 13. Comorn capitulates 
to the Austrians, Sept. 28. Resubjection of Hungary to 
the Hapsburgs. Bloody tribunals at Pesth and Arad, Oct. 
Meeting of a Constituent Assembly in Rome and proclamation 
of the Roman Republic, Feb. Revolution in Tuscany, Feb, 
Suspension of the armistice between Sardinia and Austria, 
March 12. King Charles Albert is overwhelmed by the 
Austrians, under Radetzky, at Novara, March 23. He re- 
signs on the same day in favor of his son Victor Emanuel, 
who concludes an armistice with the Austrians. (The ex- 
king dies at Oporto, July 28. Creation of a Roman Tri- 
umvirate— Mazzini, Saffi, Armellini— March. A French 
expedition, under General Oudinot, sent to restore Pius 
IX., lands at Civita Vecchia, April 25. The forces of 
Ferdinand II. enter Palermo, May; end of the revolu- 
tion in Sicily. The Austrians take Bologna, May. The 
Neapolitan forces sent to assist the papal cause are de- 
feated by Garibaldi at Velletri, May 19. The French 
begin the siege of Rome, June 3. Surrender of Ancona 
to the Austrians, June. Fall of Rome, July 2. Restora- 
tion of the temporal power of the pope. Treaty of Milan 
between Sardinia and Austria, Aug. 6. Venice, after a 
long siege, is forced to surrender to Radetzky, Aug. 



154 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1849. William III. succeeds liis father William II. in Holland. 
Repeal of the Navigation Laws in England. 

Battle between Sir Hugh Gough and the Sikhs at Chillian- 

wallah, Jan. 13. He is victorious at Gujerat, Feb. 21. 

Submission of the Sikhs ; annexation of the Punjaub to 

British India. 
President Soulouque assumes the title of emperor of Hayti as 

Faustin I. 
Discovery of Lake Ngami by Livingstone. 
Death of Polk and of Petofi. 

1850. The United States and Great Britain conclude the Clayton- 

Bulwer Treaty, respecting the proposed water communica- 
tion through Central America. Death of President Taylor, 
July 9. He is succeeded by Millard Fillmore. Adoption 
of the "compromise measures" of Henry Clay, providing 
for : The admission of California into the Union as a free 
state ; the organization of New Mexico and Utah into terri- 
tories ; the settlement of the boundary of Texas ; the aboli- 
tion of the slave-trade in the District of Columbia; and 
the rendition of fugitive slaves. 

A British fleet appears before Athens, and forces the Greek 
government to grant indemnity for losses sustained by 
British subjects (Don Pacifico claims). 

Establishment of a Catholic hierarchy in England. 

Unionsparlament of Noi-th Germany at Erfurt, March- April. 
Prussia concludes a treaty with Denmark, definitively aban- 
doning the cause of Schleswig-Holstein, July 2. Battle of 
Idstedt, July 24, 25 ; the Danes defeat the Schleswig-Hol- 
steiners. Austria and the states allied with her in opposi- 
tion to Prussia revive the Bundestag or Federal Diet of 
Germany, which opens its sessions at Frankfort, Sept. 2. 
The ai-bitrary measures of Hassenpflug provoke revolu- 
tionary troubles in Hesse-Cassel, Sept. The Schleswig- 
Holsteiners are repulsed in an attack on Friedrichstadt, 
Oct. 4. Conference of the sovereigns of Austria, Bavaria, 
and Wiirtemberg at Bregenz, Oct. Prussia prepares to 
resist the restoration of the German Bund, and opposes 
her forces to those of Austria and Bavaria in Hesse-Cassel, 
Nov. Prussia, in a conference at Olmiitz, yields to the 
demands of Austria, Nov. 29. 

Insurrection in Bosnia. 

Outbreak of the Taiping Rebellion in China. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 155 

1850. Expedition of Richardson, Barth, and Overweg to the country 

around Lake Tchad. (Death of Richardson, 1851 ; death of 
Overweg, 1852; return of Barth, 1855.) 
Death of Oehlenschliiger, Wordsworth, Peel, Balzac. 

1851. Fatal expedition of the filibuster Narciso Lopez to Cuba. 
Arrival of Louis Kossuth in the United States, Dec. 

Coup cFetat of Louis Napoleon, Dec. 2 ; he dissolves the Leg- 
islative Assembly, and makes himself master of France. 
He is elected px*esident for 10 years by a plebiscite, Dec. 
20, 21. 

Austro-Prussian intervention in the affairs of Schleswig-Hol- 
stein. The people of the duchies lay down their arms, Jan. 
Complete restoration of the German Bund, May. 

A revolutionary movement in Portugal, headed by Saldan- 
ha, forces Maria II. to dismiss her minister Costa-Cabral 
(reinstated in power in 1849) ; Saldanha at the head of 
affairs. 

Omer Pasha quells the Bosnian insurrection. 

Burmah provokes the British to hostilities. 

World's Fair in the Crystal Palace, at Hyde Park, London. 

Discovery of great deposits of gold in Australia. 

Invention of the ophthalmoscope by Helmholtz. 

Death of Audubon, Oersted, J. F. Cooper, Turner. 

1852. Franklin Pierce is elected president of the United States, and 

William R. King vice-president*; defeated candidate for 
the presidency, Winfield Scott. 

The Russell administration is succeeded by the first Derby 
ministry, Feb. Lord Derby resigns, and is succeeded by 
the earl of Aberdeen, Dec. 

Confiscation of the property of the Orleans family, Jan. Ple- 
biscite respecting the establishment of the empire in France, 
Nov. 21, 22. Louis Napoleon is proclaimed emperor as Na- 
poleon III., Dec. 2. 

Death of the Austrian premier. Prince Schwarzenberg ; Count 
Buol-Schauenstein is appointed his successor. 

London Protocol of the Great Powers respecting the succes- 
sion in Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein, May 8. 

The Montenegrins take up arms against the Turks. 

Victorious campaign of the British in Burmah ; they acquire 
Pegu. (Peace restored in 1853.) 

* W. E. King, who wa.? president of the Senate under Fillmore, died April, 1853. 



156 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1852. The Argentine dictator Rosas is overthrown by the party of 

Urquiza. Buenos Ayres secedes from the Argentine con- 
federation. 
Death of Moore, Clay, Wellington, Daniel Webster, Gioberti. 

1853. Act for the organization of Washington Territory. Begin- 

ning of Franklin Pierce's administration. 

Marriage of Napoleon III. with Eugenie de Montijo, Jan. 29. 

Campaign of Omer Pasha against the Montenegrins. The 
Turks suspend hostilities, Feb. Eussia demands a protect- 
orate over the Greek Christians in Turkey, March. Eng- 
land and France prepare to sustain the Sultan against Rus- 
sia. The English and French fleets anchor in Besika Bay, 
June. The Russian forces advance into the Danubian Prin- 
cipalities, July. The English and French fleets pass through 
the Dai'danelles, Oct. A Turkish force, iinder Omer Pasha, 
crosses the Danube at Viddin, Oct. Beginning of the East- 
ern War. Repulse of the Russians at Oltenitza, Nov. 4. 
The Russian admiral Nakhimoff destroys a Tvirkish squad- 
ron at Sinope, Nov. 30. Vienna Protocol of the Great Pow- 
ers, directed against Russia, Dec. 

Pedro v. succeeds his mother, Maria II., in Portugal. 

Nanking and other cities fall into the hands of the Taipings. 

Occupation of New Caledonia by the French. 

Expedition of Dr. Kane in search of Sir John Franklin's 
party. (Return of the expedition, 1855.) 

Opening of the Crystal Palace in New York. 

1854. Repeal of the Missouri Compromise by the passage of the 

Kansas-Nebraska Bill. Conclusion of a treaty for commer- 
cial reciprocity between the United States and Canada. 
(Abrogated in 1866.) Drawing up of the Ostend Manifesto 
by Buchanan, Mason, and Soule, recommending the pur- 
chase of Cuba by the United States. 
The English and French fleets enter the Black Sea, Jan. The 
English Baltic fleet sails under Sir Charles Napier, March. 
The Russian forces, under the command of Prince Michael 
Gortchakofi', pass the Danube, March. France and England 
declare war against Russia, March. (The Crimean War.) 
Landing of the French and English forces in Turkey, March 
and April. The French Baltic fleet sails, April. Bombard- 
ment of Odessa by the allies, April. The Russians, under 
Paskevitch, lay siege to Silistria, May. They are compelled 
to abandon the siege, June. Surrender of Bomarsund to 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVEESAL HISTORY. 157 

1854. the allies, Aug. 16. The Russians, on the demand of Aus- 
tria, evacuate the Danubiau Principalities, which are occu- 
pied by the Austrian forces, Aug. -Sept. The English and 
French forces, under Raglan and Saint-Arnaud, land in 
the Crimea, Sept. 14. The Russians, under Menshikoff, are 
defeated by the allies in the battle of the Alma, Sept. 20. 
Death of Saint-Arnaud, Sept. ; Canrobei't his successor. The 
allied army lays siege to Sebastopol, Oct. ; Todleben directs 
the defense. Battle of Balaklava, charge of the "light 
brigade," Oct. 25. Defeat of the Russians at Inkerman, 
Nov. 5. 

O'Donnell excites a revolution in Spain, June-July. Ap- 
pointment of Espartero as prime-minister and of O'Don- 
nell as secretary of war. 

Promulgation of the dogma of the Immaculate Conception. 

Said Pasha succeeds Abbas Pasha in Egypt. 

An expedition under Gen. Pei'ovski forces the khan of Khiva 
to a treaty highly advantageous to Russia. 

Commodore Perry, on the part of the United States, concludes 
a treaty with Japan. Treaty between Japan and Great 
Britain. The Japanese government inaugurates a new 
policy of commercial intercourse vfith the world. 

The British consent to the establishment of the Orange River 
Republic. 

Commander McClure arrives in England, after accomplishing 
the northwest passage, having entered the Polar seas 
through Behring Strait in 1850 and been imprisoned in 
the ice for three yeai\s. 

1855. A pro-slavery legislature organizes in Kansas. A free-state 

convention draws up the Topeka Constitution. 

William "Walker, with a force of filibusters, invades Nica- 
ragua. 

Victor Emanuel joins in the war against Russia, Jan. Fall 
of the Aberdeen ministry, Jan. Palmerston becomes pre- 
mier, Feb. Death of the emperor Nicholas, March 2. He 
is succeeded by his son, Alexander II. GortchakofP takes 
command of the Russian forces in the Crimea, March. 
Prolonged bombardment of Sebastopol, April. Arrival of 
the Sardinian forces in the Crimea, May. Pelissier suc- 
ceeds Canrobert in the command of the French army, May. 
The allies destroy the Russian stores at Kertch, May. Un- 
successful attempt to storm the Malakhoff, June 18. Death 



158 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1855. of Raglan, June 28. The Eussians, advancing to the relief 
of Sebastopol, are defeated in the battle of the Tchernaya, 
Aug. 16. The French forces storm the MalakhofF, the Brit- 
ish attack the Redan, Sept. 8 ; fall of Sebastopol. Unsuc- 
cessful assault of Muravieff upon Kars, Sept. 29. The allies 
take Kinburn, Oct. 17. Surrender of Kars to Mui-aviefF, 
Nov. 27-28. 

Concordat between the court of Austria and Pius IX. 

Final overthrow of Santa Anna in Mexico by the party of 
Alvarez and Comonfort. Government of Alvarez. He re- 
signs in favor of Comonfort. 

Livingstone discovers the Victoria Falls of the Zambesi. 

International Exhibition in Paris. 

Completion of the Niagara railway suspension bridge. 

Opening of the railway across the Isthmus of Panama. 

Death of Mickiewicz. 

1856. Civil war in Kansas. James Buchanan is elected president of 

the United States, and John C. Breckenridge vice-president ; 
defeated candidates for the presidency, John C. Fremont 
and Millard Fillmore. 

Arbitrary rule of Walker in Nicaragua. 

Sultan Abdul-Medjid promulgates a liberal statute, the Hatti- 
Hiiiuayun, Feb. 18. Treaty of Paris, terminating the 
Crimean War, March 30 ; neutralization of the Black Sea ; 
cession by Russia of a portion of Bessarabia, which is an- 
nexed to Moldavia ; Russia renounces the protectorate over 
the Danubian Principalities; institution of an interna- 
tional Danubian Commission. 

Insurrections in Madrid and Barcelona. Dictatorial measures 
of Isabella's minister O'Donnell. 

Annexation of Oude to British India. 

Outbreak of a second war between Great Britam and China. 
British attack upon Canton. 

The Persians occupy Herat, and become involved in a war 
with the government of India. 

Death of Heine, Sir W. Hamilton (the philosopher), Dela- 
roche. 

1857. Beginning of James Buchanan's administration. Victory of 

the free-state party at the polls in Kansas. A pro-slavery 
convention draws up the Lecompton Constitution. — Re- 
bellion of the Mormons in Utah. (Order restored in 1858.) 
— Financial panic in the United States and Europe. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF CNIVEESAL HISTORY. 159 

1857. Ti'eaty between Denmark and the Powers for the abolition of 

the Sound Dues. 

The British bring the war with Persia to a successful close. 

Outbreak of the Sepoy Mutiny in British India. The blood- 
shed begins at Bari-ackpoor, March. Rising at Meerut, 
May. The mutineers mastera of Delhi, May. Mutiny at 
Luclaiow, May ; at Benares, June. Nana Sahib heads the 
insurrection in Cawnpore, June. Massacre of Europeans 
at Cawnpore by his orders, July 15. Havelock di'ives the 
mutineer from the city, July. The British recover Delhi, 
Sept. Havelock, after a brilliant campaign, relieves the 
garrison at Lucknow, Sept. Sir Colin Campbell rescues 
Havelock and Outram at Lucknow, Nov. He is victorious 
at Cawnpore, Dec. 

Bombardment and occupation of Canton by the British and 
French, Dec. 

Publication of the first portion of Buckle's "History of Civili- 
zation in England." 

Death of A. de Musset, Beranger, Sue, Comte, Ranch. 

1858. Admission of Minnesota into the Union. The j)eople of Kan- 

sas reject the Lecompton Constitution. 

Attempt of Orsini upon the life of Napoleon HI., Jan. 14. 

End of the first Palmerston administration, Feb. ; formation 
of the second Derby ministry. Act removing the disabili- 
ties of the Jews in Great Bi'itain. 

Interview between Napoleon III. and Cavour at Plombieres, 
July. 

Prince William of Prussia is appointed regent for his brother, 
Frederick William IV. 

Sir Colin Camj)bell recaptures Lucknow, March. Sir Hugh 
Rose takes Gwalior, June. Virtual suppression of the 
Sepoy Mutiny. The government of British India is trans- 
ferred by act of Pax'liament from the East India Company 
to the crown. 

Capture of the forts at the mouth of the Peiho by the British 
and French. China concludes treaties at Tientsin with 
Great Britain, France, Russia, and the United States. Ces- 
sion of the Amoor Country to Russia. 

France, in co-operation with Spain, engages in a war with 
Anam. 

Fall of Comonfort, president of Mexico. Zuloaga is recog- 
nized as his successor by the clerical and reactionary pai-ty. 



IGO CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1858. Juarez is declared lawful president by the Liberals. Suc- 
cessful campaign of Miramon, the general of the reactionary 
party. 

Momentary establishment of transatlantic telegraiDhic com- 
munication. The cable fails after a few messages. 

Discovery of lakes Tanganyika and Victoria N'yanza by Bur- 
ton and Speke. 

1859. Admission of Oregon into the Union. Adoption of the Wyan- 

dotte Constitution, prohibiting slavery, in Kansas. Attempt 
of John Brown to excite an insurrection of the slaves in the 
South. He seizes the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, night of 
Oct. 16-17 ; he is overiDOwered and captured, Oct. 17 ; he is 
executed, Dec. 3. 

The second Derby administration is succeeded by a new 
Palmerston ministry, June. 

Victor Emanuel of Sardinia, in alliance with France, enters 
upon a war against Austria, Ajoril. The Austrian forces 
cross the Ticino, April. Victor Emanuel takes charge of 
the government of Tuscany, May (the grand-duke, Leopold 
II., having a few days before quitted his territories). Vic- 
tory of Napoleon III. and Victor Emanuel over the Aus- 
trians, under Gyulai, at Magenta, June 4. Parma and 
Modena emancipate themselves from their reigning houses, 
June ; the Romagna throws off the papal rule. The sover- 
eigns of France and Sardinia overwhelm the Austrian army 
at Solferino, June 24. Preliminary treaty of Villafranca 
between France and Austria, July 11. Treaty of Zurich 
between Austria, France, and Sardinia, Nov. 10 ; Victor 
Emanuel acquires Lombardy (with the exception of Mantua 
and Peschiera). 

Francis II. succeeds his father, Ferdinand II., in Naples, May. 

Spain undertakes a war against Morocco. 

Surrender of Shamyl at Ghunib, Sept. 6; the dominion of 
Russia over the tribes of the Caucasus virtually secured. 

Oscar I. of Sweden is succeeded by his son, Charles XV. 
(i-egent since 1857), July. 

Capture of Saigon, in Cochin China, by the French. 

Difficulties between the Chinese government and Great Britain 
and France. 

Miramon assumes the chief power in Mexico. The supporters 
of Juarez threaten the capital. They are defeated by the 
forces of Miramon at Tacubaya. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 161 

1859. Buenos Ayres is forced to rejoin the Argentine confederation. 
The sinking of petroleum wells is begun in the United States. 
The Arctic expedition of McClintock ascertains the fate of Sir 

John Franklin, the true discoverer (in 1846) of the north- 
west passage. 
Publication of Darwin's "Origin of Species." 
Death of Hallam, Prescott, De Tocqueville, Humboldt, Met- 
ternich, Eitter, Ii'ving, De Quincey, Macaulay. 

1860. Abraham Lincoln is elected president of the United States, 

and Hannibal Hamlin vice-president, Nov. 6 ; defeated can- 
didates for the presidency, Stephen A. Douglas, John C. 
Breckenridge, and John Bell. Secession of South Carolina^ 
Dec. 20. 

Annexation of Tuscany, Parma, Modena, and the Romagna 
to the dominions of Victor Emanviel, who cedes Savoy and 
Nice to Fi'ance, March. Rising in Palermo against Francis 
n., April. Landing of Garibaldi in Sicily, at Marsala, May. 
The revolutionists assault Palei'mo, May. The Neapolitan 
forces evacuate the city, June. Victory of Garibaldi over 
the Neapolitans at Milazzo, July 20. Garibaldi, having 
achieved the liberation of Sicily, invades the Neapolitan 
ruainland, Aug. He enters Naples, and proclaims the reign 
of Victor Emanuel, Sept. The Sardinian forces advance 
into the Marches and Umbria, which are in a state of revolt 
against Pius IX., Sept. Cialdini defeats the papal army, 
commanded by Lamoriciere, at Castelfidardo, Sept. 18. La- 
moriciere, having thrown himself into Ancona, is forced to 
surrender, Sept. 29. Garibaldi defeats the troops of Francis 
n. on the Voltui-no, Oct. The Sardinian foi^ces advance 
into the Neapolitan territories, Oct. They lay siege to 
Gaeta, which is defended by Francis II., Nov. Annexation 
of the Two Sicilies, the Marches, and Umbria to the domin- 
ions of Victor Emanuel. 

Napoleon III. accords increased privileges to the French legis- 
lature. 

Attempted reorganization of the Austrian Empire on a fed- 
ei'alistic basis by the Imperial Diploma of Oct. 20. (See 
1861.) 

Massacres of the Maronites by the Druses in the Lebanon. 
Massacre of Christians at Damascus. Intervention of the 
Western Powers. A French force occupies Syria. 

Surrender of Tetuan to the Spaniards. They successfully end 



162 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1860. the war against Morocco. Unsuccessful Carlist insurrec- 
tion. 

An Englisli-Frencli expedition marches on Peking, occupies 
the city, Oct. , and forces the Chinese emperor to comply 
with the terms of the previous treaties. 

Miramon makes an unsuccessful attempt to take Vera Cruz, the 
seat of government of Juarez. His forces are overthrown 
by those of Juarez in the battle of Calpulalpam, Dec. 22. 

Introduction of spectrum analysis by Kirchhoff and Bunsen. 

Death of Schopenhauer. 

1861. Secession of Mississippi, Jan. 9; of Florida, Jan. 10; of Ala- 

bama, Jan. 11; of Georgia, Jan. 19; of Louisiana, Jan. 26. 
Admission of Kansas into the Union as a free state, Jan. 
Secession of Texas, Feb. 1. Assembling of a congress of the 
seceding states at Montgomery, Feb. 4. The congress elects 
Jefferson Davis president of the Confederate States of Amer- 
ica, Feb. 9. He is inaugurated, Feb. 18. General Twiggs 
surrenders his forces to the Texans, Feb. 18. Inauguration 
of President Lincoln, March 4. Adoption of the permanent 
constitution of the Confederate States, March 11. Bom- 
bardment of Fort Sumter by the Confederates, April 12, 13. 
Major Anderson evacuates Fort Sumter, April 14. Procla- 
mation of Lincoln calling for 75,000 militia, April 15. Se- 
cession of Virginia, April 17. The Confederates seize the 
arsenal at Harper's Ferry, April 18. The Massachusetts 
militia is attacked in Baltimore, April 19. Lincoln pro- 
claims the blockade of the Southern ports, April. The 
navy-yard at Gosport, near Norfolk, is abandoned by the 
Federals, April 21. The Congress of the Confederate States 
assembles at Montgomery, April 29. Secession of Tennessee 
and Arkansas, May 6 ; of North Carolina, May 20. Formal 
secession of western Virginia from Virginia, June. The 
^ Confederates are repeatedly defeated in western Virginia by 
General McClellan's troops, July. Richmond becomes the 
seat of the Confederate Congress, July 20. Battle of Bull 
Run, July 21 ; the Confederates, under Beauregard, repulse 
McDowell. Battle of Wilson's Creek, near Springfield (Mo.), 
Aug. 10 ; death of Genei'al Lyon. Capture of forts Hatteras 
and Clark by the Federals, Aug. 29. The Confederate 
general Pince takes Lexington (Mo.), Sept. 20. Repulse of 
the Federals at Ball's Bluff, on the Potomac, Oct. 21. Mc- 
Clellan is appointed general-in-chief of the armies of the 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 163 

1861. United States (succeeding Winfield Scott), Nov. 1. The 
Federals gain possession of the harbor of Port Royal, Nov. 
7. Mason and Slidell, Confederate commissioners to Eng- 
land and France, are intercepted on the "Trent," Nov. 8. 

William I. succeeds his brother, Frederick William IV., in 
Prussia, Jan. 2. 

Imperial Patent of Francis Joseph providing for the reorgani- 
zation of Austria on a constitutional basis and a system of 
consolidation, Feb. 2Q. Schmerling directs the new policy. 

Czar Alexander II. proclaims the emancipation of the serfs, 
March 3. 

Surrender of Gaeta to the forces of Victor Emanuel, Feb. 13. 
Meeting of the Parliament of Italy, Feb. 18. It confei-s the 
title of King of Italy on Victor Emanuel, Feb. 26. He 
assumes the title, March 17. Death of Cavour, June 6, 

Louis I. succeeds his brother, Pedro V. , in Portugal. 

Rising in Herzegovina ; the Montenegrins support the insur- 
gents. Sultan Abdul- Aziz svicceeds Abdul-Medjid, June. 

Appointment of a Christian governor of the Lebanon. 

Death of Prince Albert, consort of Queen Victoria, Dec. 14. 

Alexander John I. (Prince Cuza) proclaims the union of Mol- 
davia and Wallachia under the name of Principality of 
Roumania, Dec. 23. 

Entry of Jviarez into the city of Mexico, Jan. •, his authority 
firmly established. Convention of London between France, 
England, and Spain for joint action in the enforcement of 
their Mexican claims. The three powers dispatch fleets to 
Mexico. A Spanish force takes possession of Vera Ciniz, 
Dec. 

The government of the republic of Santo Domingo is trans- 
ferred to Spain by Santana. 

Death of Scribe and of Schlosser. 
1862 The British government having demanded the release of Mason 
and Slidell, they are given up by the United States, Jan. 
General Thomas defeats the Confederates at Mill Spring 
(Ky.), Jan. 19. The Federals, under Commodore Foote, 
reduce Fort Henry, on the Tennessee River, Feb. 6. Cap- 
ture of Roanoke Island by the expedition of General Bvim- 
side and Commodore Goldsborough, Feb. 8. Surrender of 
Fort Donelson, on the Cumberland River, to General Grant, 
Feb. 16. Battle of Pea Ridge (Ark.), March 7, 8; victory 
of the Federals. Engagement between the "Virginia" 
12 



164 CHllONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1862. (" Merrimac ") and the "Monitor" in Hampton Roads, 
March 9. The army of McClellan begins the siege of 
Yorktown, April 5. Battle of Shiloh (Tenn.), or of Pitts- 
burgh Landing, between Grant and the Confederate gen- 
erals A. S. Johnston and Beauregard, April 6, 7 (Johnston 
killed April 6). Capture of Island No. Ten, in the Missis- 
sippi River, by General Pope, April 7. Act of Congress 
abolishing slavery in the District of Columbia, April 16. 
The fleet of Captain Farragut begins the bombardment of 
forts Jackson and St. Philip, on the Mississippi, April 18, 
Farragut passes the Mississippi forts, April 24. He appears 
before New Orleans, April 25. Surrender of the Mississippi 
forts, April 28. Genei*al Butler takes formal possession of 
New Orleans, May 1. General J. E. Johnston abandons 
Yorlctown, May 4. Battle of Williamsburg (Va.), May 5. 
Occupation of Norfolk by the Federals, May 10. Engage- 
ment at Hanover Court-House (Va.), May 27. Evacuation 
of Corinth (Miss.) by the Confederates, May 29. Battle of 
Seven Pines and Fair Oaks (Va.) between the forces of 
McClellan and those of J. E. Johnston, May 31, June 1. 
Battle of Cross Keys (Va.) between Fremont and a detach- 
ment of Jackson's forces, June 8. Act of Congress abolish- 
ing slavery in the territories, June 9. ' ' Seven days' battle " 
between the armies of McClellan and Lee before Richmond, 
June 26-July 1 ; McClellan retires from the Chickahominy 
to a position on the James : Battle of Mechanicsville, or of 
Beaver Dam Creek, June 26 ; battle of Cold Harbor, or of 
Gaines's Mill, June 27; battle of Savage's Station, June 29; 
battle of Frazier's Farm, June 30 ; repulse of the Confeder- 
ates at Malvern Hill, July 1. Halleck is appointed com- 
mander-in-chief of the armies of the United States, July. 
Battle of Cedar Mountain (Va.), the Confederates success- 
ful, Aug. 9. Second battle of Bull Run, Aug. 29, 30 ; Jack- 
son and Longstreet, of Lee's army, successful against Pope. 
Victory of the Confederates, under Kirby Smith, at Rich- 
mond (Ky.), Aug. 30. Lee invades Maryland, Sept. Battle 
of South Mountain (Md.), Sept. 14. Surrender of a Union 
force at Harper's Ferry to Jackson, Sept. 15. Battle of 
Antietam Creek (Md.) between McClellan and Lee, Sept. 16, 
17 ; Lee recrosses the Potomac. Proclamation of President 
Lincoln decreeing the emancipation on Jan. 1, 1863, of all 
slaves in the states which should till then continue in a state 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 165 

1862. of rebellion, Sept. 22. Attack of the Confederates upon Cor- 
inth, Oct. 3, 4 ; they are repulsed by Eosecrans. Battle of 
Perryville (Ky.) between a portion of Buell's army and the 
forces of Bragg, Oct. 8. Burnside is appointed commander 
of the army of the Potomac (superseding McClellan), Nov. 
7. Battle of Fredericksburg, Dec. 13; Lee unsuccessfully 
attacked by Burnside. The forces of Eosecrans engage with 
those of Bragg at Murfreesboro (Stone River), Dec. 26-31 
(severe battle Dec. 31, followed by another, Jan. 2). 

Bismarck assumes the administration of affairs in Prussia. 

Garibaldi organizes an expedition in Sicily against Rome. 
He is defeated and captured by the forces of Victor Emanuel 
at Aspromonte, Aug. 

The Montenegrins are vanquished by Omer Pasha, and sub- 
mit to a disadvantageous peace. 

Bloody conflict between the Servians and Turlcs in Belgrade. 

Revolution in Greece, Oct. ; deposition of King Otho. 

France declares war against Mexico. The Mexicans having 
agreed to an accommodation, England and Spain with- 
draw their forces. 

Francisco Solano Lopez succeeds Carlos Antonio Lopez in the 
government of Paraguay. 

Cession of Lower Cochin China by Anam to France. 

Discovery of the Victoria Nile by Speke and Grant. 

International exhibition in London. 

1863. Proclamation of President Lincoln definitely abolishing slav- 

ery in the rebellious states, Jan. 1. Bragg unsuccessfully 
attacks tlie forces of Rosecrans at Murfreesboro (Stone 
River), Jan. 2. The Confederates abandon Murfreesboro, 
Jan. 3, 4. The Federals reduce Fort Hindman (Ark.), Jan. 
11. Hooker is appointed to the command of the army of 
the Potomac, Jan. 2Q. The Federals unsuccessfully attack 
the fortifications in Charleston harbor, April 7. Proclama- 
tion of President Lincoln declaring West Virginia admitted 
into the Union, April 20. Battle of Chancellorsville, May 
2-4; Lee victorious over Hooker; "Stonewall" Jackson 
mortally wounded. Grant, having crossed the Mississippi, 
repels Johnston at Jackson (Miss.), defeats Pemberton on 
the Black River, and invests Vicksburg, May. Lee occupies 
Winchester, June 15. He crosses the Potomac, June 24, 25, 
and enters Pennsylvania. Meade assumes command of the 
army of the Potomac, June 28. Battle of Gettysburg, July 



166 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1863. 1-3 ; defeat of Lee by Meade. Pemberton surrenders Vicks- 
burg to General Grant, July 4. Surrender of Port Hudson 
(La.) to Banks, July 8. Conscription riots in New York, 
July. Unsuccessful assault upon Fort Wagner, Charleston 
harbor, July 18. Abandonment of Fort Wagner, Sept. 7. 
Rosecrans occupies Chattanooga, Sept. 9. Battle of Chicka- 
mauga, Sept. 19, 20 ; defeat of Rosecrans by Bragg. Burn- 
side is besieged by Longstreet in Knoxville, Nov. Battle 
of Chattanooga, Nov. 23-25 ; Bragg is driven from Chatta- 
nooga ; the operations of the Federals conducted by Grant. 
(Nov. 24, battle of Lookout Mountain; Nov. 25, battle of 
Missionary Ridge.) Fii"st j)residential proclamation re- 
specting reconstruction, Dec. 8. 

Rising of the Poles against Russia. The central revolutionary 
committee at Warsaw summon the people to arms, Jan. 
Langiewicz takes the principal command among the pa- 
triots. Fruitless combats with the Russian forces. 

The Greeks confer the royal crown on William, son of Prince 
Christian of Sonderburg-Gliicksburg, March. (He assumes 
the name of George I.) 

Great Britain announces her renunciation of the protectorate 
over the Ionian Islands. 

Death of Frederick VII. of Denmark, Nov. 15. Prince Claris- 
tian of Sonderburg-Gliicksburg succeeds him as Christian 
IX. Holstein refuses allegiance. Occupation of Holstein 
and Lauenburg by order of the German Diet, Dec. 

Ismail Pasha succeeds Said Pasha in Egyi^t. 

Conquest of Herat by Dost Mohammed. Death of Dost 
Mohammed. 

The French forces, under Genei'al Forey, besiege and reduce 
Puebla. They enter the city of Mexico, June 10. An 
assembly of notables, convened under French auspices, de- . 
clares in favor of an imperial government for Mexico, the 
crown to be ofPered to the archduke Maximilian of Austria, 
July 10. Juarez, withdrawing northward, continues the 
struggle with the French. 

Death of Horace Vernet, Jakob Grimm, Thackeray. 

1864. General Banks, assisted by General A. J. Smith and Admiral 

Porter, enters upon the Red River expedition, March. 
Grant is invested with the chief command of the armies 
of the United States (superseding Halleck), March. Vic- 
tory of Kirby Smith and Dick Taylor at Sabine Cross 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 167 

1864. Roads, April 8 ; failui'e of the Red River expedition. Storm- 
ing of Fort Pillow, on the Mississippi, by the Confederates, 
April 12. Sherman begins his march on Atlanta, May 5 ; 
he is opposed by Johnston. Battle of the Wilderness be- 
tween Grant and Lee, May 5, 6. Battles at Spottsylvania 
Court-House, May. Escape of Porter s fleet at Alexandria, 
on the Red River, May. Sherman repeatedly flanks John- 
ston, forcing him to fall back, May-June. Second battle 
of Cold Harbor, June 3 ; Lee repulses Grant's assault. Vic- 
tory of the Federals, under Hunter, at Piedmont (Va.), 
June 5. Unsuccessful attack upon Petersburg by Grant's 
army, June 15, 16. The regular siege of Petersburg is be- 
gun, June 19. Sinking of the Confederate cruiser "Ala- 
bama " by the " Kearsarge, " June 19. General Early makes 
a raid into Maryland and Pennsylvania, July ; he is vic- 
torious on the Monocacy, July 9, and threatens Washington ; 
burning of Chambersburg, July 30. The forces of Grant 
make an unsuccessful assault upon Cemetery Hill, at Pe- 
tersburg, July 30. Hood, Johnston's successor in com- 
mand, after disastrous attacks on Sherman, July 20, 22, 
28, is besieged m Atlanta. Farragut passes forts Gaines 
and Morgan, and destroys or captures the Confederate fleet 
in Mobile Bay, Aug. Atlanta, evacuated by Hood, is 
occupied by Sherman's army, Sept. 2. Victory of Sheri- 
dan over Early on Opequan Creek, near Winchester, Sept. 
19. Sheridan defeats Early at Fisher's Hill, near Win- 
chester, Sept. 22. Early surprises the Federal forces at 
Cedar Creek, Oct. 19 ; he is routed by Sheridan. Re-elec- 
tion of Lincoln, Nov. 8; defeated candidate for the presi- 
dency, George B. McClellan. Andrew Johnson is elected 
vice-president. Defeat of Hood before Nashville by Thomas, 
Dec. 15, 16. Sherman occupies Savannah, Dec. 21.— Ad- 
mission of Nevada into the Union. 
Second Schleswig-Holstem War. An Austro-Prussian army 
invades Schleswig, Feb. 1. The Danes abandon the Dan- 
nevirke, Feb. 5, Occupation of Schleswig and invasion of 
Jutland. The Prussians storm the lines of Diippel, April 
18. The London conference for the settlement of the 
Schleswig-Holstein question assembles, April. It dissolves 
after fruitless negotiations, June. The Austrian and Prus- 
sian forces, after a truce, resume hostilities, June. Pre- 
liminary peace between Denmark and the allies, Aug. 1, 



168 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVEKSAL HISTOEY. 

1864. Treaty of Vienna, Oct. 30 ; Christian IX. of Denmark re- 
nounces Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg. 

Complete suppression of the insurrection in Poland. 
Final conquest of the Circassians by the Russians. 
Napoleon III. concludes a convention with Victor Emanuel 

agreeing to withdraw the French forces from the papal 

territory in two years, Sept. 15. 
Organization of the International Association of workingmen. 
The emperor of China recovers Nanking ; end of the Taiping 

Rebellion. 
Arrival of Maximilian in Mexico. 

Lopez, dictator of Paraguay, enters upon a war with Brazil. 
Outbreak of hostilities between Peru and Spain. 
Discovery of Lake Albert N'yanza by Baker. 
Death of Meyerbeer, Hawthorne, Landor. 

1865. The Federals take Fort Fisher (N. C), Jan. 15. Occupation 

of Charleston by Sherman's army, Feb. 18. Act of Con- 
gress organizing the Freedmen's Bureau, March 3. Lin- 
coln's second inauguration, March 4. General Johnston 
makes an unsuccessful effort to check Sherman's advance 
at Bentonville (N. C), March 19. Lee attacks Grant's forces 
before Petersburg, March 25 ; he takes and loses Fort Stead- 
man. Battle of the Five Forks, March 31, April 1; rout 
of Lee's troops, who are pursued by Sheridan. Capture of 
Selma (Ala.) by Wilson, April 2. Occupation of Peters- 
burg and Richmond by the Federals, April 3. SuiTender 
of Lee at Appomattox Court-House, April 9. The Federal 
forces occupy Mobile, April 12. Assassination of Lincoln, 
April 14 ; death of the president, April 15 ; Johnson suc- 
ceeds him. Occupation of Columbus (Ga.) by Wilson, 
April 16. Johnston surrenders his army to Sherman at 
Durham's Station (N. C), April 26. Surrender of Dick 
Taylor to Canby, May 4. Capture of Jefferson Davis near 
Irwinville (Ga.), May 10. Surrender of Kirby Smith in 
Texas, May 26 ; end of the civil war. President Johnson 
issues a proclamation of amnesty. May 29. (The amnesty 
made universal, Dec. 25, 1868.) The Tliirteenth Amend- 
ment, abolishing slavery in the United States, becomes a 
part of the Constitution, Dec. 18. 
The British authorities take measures to suppress the Fenian 
movement in Ireland. Death of Palmerston, Oct. 18 ; Earl 
Russell becomes premier for a second time. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY.. 169 

1865. Convention of Gastein between the sovereigns of Prussia and 

Austria, Aug. Schleswig to be temporarily governed by 
Prussia, Holstein by Austria; Prussia to possess Lauenburg, 
Austria receiving an equivalent in money. 

Transfer of the seat of government of Italy from Turin to 
Florence, May. 

Leopold II. succeeds his father, Leopold I. , in Belgium, Dec. 10. 

Lopez makes war on the Argentine Republic. Alliance be- 
tween Brazil, the Argentine Republic, and Uruguay against 
Paraguay. 

1866. Passage of the Civil Rights Bill over President Johnson's veto, 

April 9. Adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment in Con- 
gress, Jtine ; the colored natives of the United States de- 
clared to be citizens thereof and of the individual States ; 
any State withholding the right of suffrage from any poi^ 
tion of its citizens to have the basis of representation in 
Congress proportionately reduced. (See 1868.) 

Wholesale arrest of Fenians in Ireland. The Fenians attempt 
an invasion of Canada. Resignation of Earl Russell, June ; 
formation of the third Derby ministry. 

Prussia and Italy form an alliance against Austria. Mobili- 
zation of the Prussian army, May. Austria refers the set- 
tlement of the Schleswig-Holstein question to the German 
Diet, June 1. Prussia occupies Holstein, June. The Ger- 
man Diet, at the instance of Austria, orders the mobilization 
of the Federal forces, June 14. The Prussian troops occupy 
Hanover, Saxony, and Hesse-Cassel, June. War of Prussia 
and Italy against Austria and her German allies. Victory 
of the Austrians, under the archduke Albert, over the Ital- 
ians under Lamarmora at Custozza, June 24. Capitulation 
of the Hanoverian army to the Prussians at Langensalza, 
June 28. Battle of Sadowa (or of Koniggratz), July 3; the 
Prussian forces, under the crown-prince, Frederick William, 
and Prince Frederick Charles, overwhelm the Austrian 
army, under Benedek. Austria cedes Venetia to Napoleon 
III. , July 4, the province to be made over to Italy. The 
Prussians enter Prague, July 8. Successful campaign of the 
Prussians in the valley of the Main against the forces of the 
South German states, July. Occupation of Frankfort by 
the Prussians, July. Naval victory of the Austrians, under 
Tegetthoff, over the Italians, under Pei-sano, at Lissa, July 
20. Truce between the Italians and Austrians, July 25. 



170 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1866. Preliminaries of Nikolsburg between Prussia and Austria, 
July 2Q. Prussia concludes treaties with Wiirtemberg, Ba- 
den, and Bavaria, Aug. Peace of Prague between Prussia 
and Austria, Aug. 23. Dissolution of the German Confed- 
eration. Annexation of Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, and 
Frankfort to Prussia. Hesse-Darmstadt cedes Hesse-Hom- 
burg to Prussia, Sept. Formation of the North German 
Confederation under the lead of Prussia. Peace of Vienna 
between Austria and Italy, Oct. 3. Annexation of Venetia 
to Italy. Beust is appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs in 
Austria (supersedmg Mensdorff), Oct. 30. Withdrawal of 
the French trooi>s from the Papal territories, Dec. The 
Prussian Landtag decrees the incorporation of Schleswig- 
Holstein with Prussia, Dec. 

Revolutionary risings in Spain. 

Attempt of Karakozoff upon the life of Alexander II., April 16. 

Fall of Alexander John I. (Prince Cuza) of Roumania. Charles 
of Hohenzollern is elected his successor. 

Outbreak of the Cretan insurrection. 

First congress of the Internationals at Geneva ; adoption of 
the rules drawn up by Karl Marx. 

Juarez is successful against the French invaders in Mexico, 

Chili having entered into an alliance with Peru against Spain, 
the Spaniards bombard Valparaiso, March 31. Bombard- 
ment of Callao. Spain withdraws from the contest. 

Successful establishment of telegraphic communication be- 
tween Europe and America. 

1867. Act of Congress, passed over President Johnson's veto, con- 

ferring the suffrage on the colored citizens in the District 
of Columbia and the territories, Jan. Admission of Ne- 
braska into the Union, Feb. The Tenure of Office Act 
and a reconstruction act, providing for a military govern- 
ment in the Southern States, are passed by Congress over 
the president's veto, March 2. Purchase of Alaska from 
Russia by the United States. 

Fenian insurrection in Ireland. Canada, New Brunswick, 
and Nova Scotia are constituted the Dominion of Canada. 
Passage of a new Parliamentary Reform Act for England, 
Aug. (See 1868.) Outbreak of a war between England and 
Abyssinia. 

Meeting of the North German Constituent Reichstag. Adop- 
tion of the federal constitution. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 171 

1867. Negotiations of Napoleon III. for the purchase of Lxixemburg 
from the king of Holland. Threatened interference of the 
North German Confederation. Neutralization of Luxem- 
burg by the treaty of London, May 11. 

Agreement between the North and South German States for 
the reorganization of the Zollverein. 

Francis Joseph appoints Beust his prime-minister, Feb. 7. Re- 
construction of the Austrian Empire on the dualistic basis 
proposed by Francis Deak. Restoration of the Hungarian 
constitution. Formation of a national Hungarian ministry, 
with Andrassy at its head. Coronation of Francis Joseph 
as constitutional king of Hungary, June 8. 

Garibaldi undertakes an expedition against Rome, Oct. He 
captures Monte Rotondo, Oct. 26. Landing of a French 
force at Civita Vecchia, Oct. 28. The French and papal 
forces defeat Garibaldi at Mentana, Nov. 3. 

"Withdrawal of the Turkish garrisons from Servia. 

Withdrawal of Bazaine's forces from the territory of Mexico. 
Maximilian is besieged in Queretaro by the forces of Juarez. 
He is made prisoner. May 15, and executed, together with 
Miramon and Mejia, Jxme 19. Entry of Juarez into the city 
of Mexico, July. 

Extension of French dominion in Cochin China. 

Abolition of the shogimate in Japan. (The supreme author- 
ity previously shared by the shogun and the mikado.) 

International exhibition in Paris. 

Death of Cousin and of Faraday. 
1868. Impeachment and trial of Andrew Johnson, Feb. -May; the 
impeachment fails. The Fourteenth Amendment is pro- 
claimed part of the Constitution, July 28. Ulysses S. Grant 
is elected president of the United States, and Schuyler Col- 
fax vice-president ; defeated candidate for the presidency, 
Horatio Seymour. 

Resignation of Lord Derby, Feb. ; Disraeli forms a new minis- 
try. Storming of Magdala by the forces of Sir Robert Napier, 
April 13 ; death of King Theodore ; end of the Abyssinian 
war. New Reform Act for Scotland and Ireland, July. 
Resignation of Disraeli, Dec. ; Gladstone prime-minister. 

Anti-clerical legislation in Austria. The Czech members of 
the Bohemian and Moravian diets resign their seats, and 
di-aw up "declarations " setting forth their demands for na- 
tional autonomy. 



172 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1868. Revolution in Spain, headed by Prim and Serrano, Sept. Ser- 

rano vanquishes the forces of Queen Isabella at Alcolea, 
Sept. 28. Isabella quits Spain, Sept. 30. Entry of Serrano 
into Madrid, Oct. 3. Formation of a provisional ministry 
under the presidency of Serrano, Oct. 8. Outbreak of the 
Cuban insurrection. 

Assassination of Michael Obrenovitch, prince of Servia, June 
10. Milan Obrenovitch is elected his successor. 

Success of the Turkish arms in Crete. 

Conquest of Samarkand by the Russians. 

The last shogun of Japan unsuccessfully attempts to regain 
power by force of arms. 

The allied arms of Brazil, the Argentine Republic, and Uru- 
guay successfullj^ assail Lopez, the dictator of Paraguay, 
who is driven from Asuncion and Humaita. 

Death of Brougham and of Rossini. 

1869. Adoption of the Fifteenth Amendment in Congress, prohibit- 

ing the States from denying the right to vote to any citizen 
of the United States on account of race or color, Feb. (See 
1870.) Beginning of Grant's fii'st administration. Treaty 
between President Grant and President Baez for the an- 
nexation of Santo Domingo to the United States. (The 
scheme fails 1871.) 

Act for the disestablishment of the Irish Church, July 26 (to 
take effect Jan. 1, 1871). 

Constitutional reforms in France. 

The Poles of Galicia petition the Austrian government for au- 
tonomy. Insurrection in the district of Cattaro in Dalmatia. 

The Constituent Cortes in Spain decide in favor of a mo- 
narchical government. Serrano is appointed regent of the 
kingdom, June. Suppression of Republican insurrections. 

Opening of the Vatican Council (twentieth cecumenical coun- 
cil), Dec. 8. 

Completion of the Pacific Railway and of the Suez Canal. 

Death of Lamartine, Franklin Pierce, Sainte-Beuve. 

1870. The Fifteenth Amendment is proclaimed part of the Constitu- 

tion, March 30. Completion of reconstruction in the South- 
ern States. 
Appointment of the Ollivier ministry in France, Jan. 2. 
Murder of the journalist Victor Noir by Pierre Bonaparte, 
Jan. 10. Trial of Pierre Bonaparte, March. Napoleon III. 
submits new fundamental laws to France ; plebiscite, May 8. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. I73 

1870. Appointment of the duke de Gi'amont as minister of foreign 
affairs, May 15. The council of ministei"S in Spain decide 
to offer the royal crown to Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern, 
July 2. Declaration of the duke de Gramont against the 
candidature in the corps legislatif, July 6. Withdrawal of 
Prince Leopold, July 12. Benedetti's interview with Will- 
iam I. at Ems, resulting in an open rupture between Prus- 
sia and France, July 13. France formally declares war, 
July 19. Engagement at Saarbriick, Aug. 2. Victory of 
the Germans at Weissenburg, Aug. 4. Frederick William, 
crown-prince of Prussia, defeats the army of IMacMahon at 
Worth, Aug. 6. Defeat of the French general Frossard at 
Spichern, Aug. 6. Resignation of Ollivier, Aug. 9. Palikao 
forms a new ministry, Aug. 10. First battle before Metz, 
at Courcelles, Aug. 14. Battle of Mai-s-la-Tour (or of Vion- 
ville) between the forces of Prince Frederick Charles and 
those of Bazaine, Aug. 16. The armies of Steinmetz and 
Prince Frederick Charles, commanded by King William 
in person, defeat Bazaine at Gravelotte, Aug. 18. Defeat 
of a part of MacMahon's forces at Beaumont, Aug. 30. Bat- 
tle of Sedan, Sept. 1; defeat of MacMahon by Frederick 
William and the crown-prince of Saxony. Surrender of 
MacMahon's army at Sedan, Sept. 2 ; Napoleon III. a pris- 
oner. Proclamation of the republic in Paris, formation of 
a government of national defense, Sept. 4. Paris invested 
on all sides, Sept. 19. Surrender of Toul, Sept. 23. Sur- 
render of Strasburg, Sept. 27-28. Sortie of Gen. Vinoy 
from Paris, Sept. 30. Gambetta escapes from Paris and 
issues a proclamation from Tours, Oct. 7-9. Victory of 
Von der Tann at Orleans, occupation of the city, Oct. 11. 
Fall of Metz, Bazaine surrenders to Frederick Charles, Oct. 
27. The defenders of Paris occupy Le Bourget, Oct. 28. 
They are driven out of it, Oct. 30. Revolutionary rising in 
Paris, Oct. 31. Battle of Coulmiei-s near Orleans, Nov. 9; 
Aurelle de Paladines forces Von der Tann to retreat. The 
French re-enter Orleans, Nov. 10. Repulse of Aurelle de 
Paladines at Beaune-la-Rolande, Nov. 28. Attempt of 
Ducrot to break through the German lines before Paris at 
Brie and Champigny, Nov. 30-Dec. 3. Aurelle de Pala- 
dines is defeated before Orleans by the grand-duke of 
Mecklenburg and Prince Frederick Charles, Dec. 2-4. The 
Germans reoccupy the city, Dec. 4-5. Entry of the Ger- 



174 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1870. mans into Eouen, Dec. 6. Engagements on the Loire be- 
tween Chanzy and the grand-duke of Mecklenburg, Dec. 
7-10. Removal of the members of the government of 
national defense from Tours to Bordeaux, Dec. 9-10. The 
North German Diet decrees the restoration of the German 
Empire (the unification of Germany having been secured 
by treaties Mnth the South German states, concluded Nov.), 
Dec. 10. Fall of Pfalzburg, Dec. 12. Defeat of Faidherbe 
at Pont-Noyelles, Dec. 23. The Germans open a bombard- 
ment on Mont Avron (Paris), Dec. 27. The advance of 
Bourbaki forces Von Werder to evacuate Dijon, Dec. 27. 
The Germans occupy Mont Avron, Dec. 29. 

Amadeus, duke of Aosta, son of Victor Emanuel, is elected 
king by the Cortes of Spain, Nov. 16. He accepts the 
crown, Dec. 4. Assassination of Prim, Dec. 28 (death, Dec. 
30). Landmg of Amadeus Ln Spain, Dec. 30. 

The Vatican Council adopts the dogma of Papal Infallibility, 
July 18. Dollinger and his associates reject the decrees of 
the council. 

The Italian forces occupy Rome, Sept. 20 (the French forces 
having left the papal territory in August). Annexation 
of the Papal States to the kingdom of Italy, Oct. 9, , 

Irish Land Act, Aug. 1. Elementary Education Act for Eng- 
land and Wales, Aug. 9. 

Increased difficulties of the Austrian government in its rela- 
tions with the Slavs; the Slavic element almost entirely 
unrepresented in the Reichsrath. Abrogation of the Con- 
cordat between Austria and Rome. 

Russia announces her refusal to be bound by the terms of the 
treaty of Paris respecting the Black Sea, Oct. 31. 

The Paraguayan war ends with the death of Lopez at Aqui- 
daban, March, 

Sir Samuel Baker leads an expedition up the Nile to establish 
the sway of Egypt in the upper basin of the river. 

Death of Dickens, Farragut, Lee, A. Dumas. 

1871. Treaty of Washington for the settlement of the "Alabama" 

question, May 8. 
Faidherbe unsuccessfully attacks the German forces at Ba- 
paume, Jan. 3. Chanzy's army is completely defeated by 
Frederick Charles at Le Mans, Jan. 10-12. Bourbaki at- 
tacks Von Werder at Hericourt before Belfort, and is re- 
pulsed, Jan, 15-17. William I, is proclaimed emperor of 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 175 

1871. Germany at Vei-sailles, Jan. 18. Sortie from Mont Vale- 
rien under Trochu, Jan. 19. The army of Faidherbe is 
crushed by Von Goeben at St. Quentin, Jan. 19. Capitula- 
tion of Paris, signing of a partial armistice, Jan. 28. The 
remains of Bourbaki's army retire into Switzerland, Feb. 
1. Election of a National Assembly in France, Feb. 8. 
The i^ssembly meets at Bordeaux, Feb. 12. Capitulation 
of Belfort, Feb. 16. The Assembly elects Thiei-s chief of 
the executive, Feb. 17. Preliminary treaty of Versailles 
between France and Germany, Feb. 26 (ratified by the As- 
sembly March 1) ; cession of Alsace, German Lorraine, 
and Metz. Triumphal entry of the Germans into Paris, 
March 1, Outbreak of the war of the Commune, March 
18. The National Assembly meets at Versailles, March 
20. Elections to the Commune, March 26. The Com- 
munists attempt an advance upon Vei-sailles, but are 
driven back, April 2. They repeat the attempt in gi'eat 
force and are completely routed, April 3. MacMahon is 
appointed commander-in-chief of the forces of the nation- 
al government, April 3. The army of Versailles begins 
active offensive operations against Paris, April 6. Fort 
Issy is occupied, May 9. Signing of a definitive treaty of 
peace between France and Germany at Frankfort, May 
10. The government forces obtain possession of Fort Van- 
ves. May 14. They secure a foothold in Paris, May 21. 
Montmartre is taken. May 23. The Communists set fire to 
the public buildings. May 24. Massacre of Archbishop 
Darboy and other hostages, May 24. The government 
forces take Pere Lachaise, May 27. End of the struggle, 
May 28. The National Assembly revokes the proscription 
against the Bourbon and Orleans princes, June 8. The 
Assembly prolongs Thiers's term of office, and confers on 
him the title of President of the Republic, Aug. 31. 

Meeting of the London Conference for the settlement of the 
Black Sea question, Jan. 17. Treaty between the Powers, 
March 13 ; the provisions of the treaty of Paris respecting 
neutralization abrogated. 

Abolition of the purchase system in the British army. 

Opening of the first Reichstag of the new German Empire, 
March 21. First general congress of the Old Catholics at 
Munich, Sept. 

The Hohenwart ministry in Cisleithan Austria attempts a 



176 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1871. settlement with the Czechs on the basis of Bohemian au- 
tonomy. Hohenwart fails, and resigns, Oct. 26. Resigna- 
tion of Beust, Nov. 6. Francis Joseph appoints Andrassy 
minister of foreign affairs. Prince Adolf Auersperg forms 
a ministry in Cisleithania, Nov. 

The Italian Parliament passes the Bill of the Papal Guaran- 
tees, May. The seat of the Italian government is trans- 
ferred from Florence to Rome. 

Act of the Brazilian government providing for the gradual 
abolition of slavery, Sept. 28. 

Great conflagration in Chicago, Oct. 8-10. 

Opening of the Mont Cenis tunnel. 

Polar expedition of Captain Hall ; lat. 82° 16' reached. 

Successful expedition of Stanley In search of Livingstone. 

Death of Sir John Herschel, Auber, Grote. 

1872. The Geneva Tribunal for the settlement of the "Alabama" 

question makes an award to the United States, Sept. 14. 
Settlement of the San Juan boundary question by the de- 
cision of the emperor William, Oct. 21. Grant is re-elected 
president, and Henry Wilson is elected vice-president; 
defeated candidate for the presidency, Horace Greeley. 
Death of Greeley, Nov. 29. Beginning of the Modoc war. 

Passage of the Ballot Bill by the English Parliament. 

The German Reichstag passes a law suppressing the houses of 
the Jesuits and affiliated orders, June. Open rupture be- 
tween the German government and the papal court, Dec. 

Outbreak of the great insurrection in Spain in favor of Don 
Carlos (Charles VII.). 

Oscar II. succeeds his brother, Charles XV. , in Sweden, Sept. 

Assassination of the earl of Mayo, viceroy of India, Feb. 8. 

Death of Juarez, president of Mexico ; he is succeeded by Lerdo 
de Tejada. 

Eruption of Vesuvius. 

Great conflagration in Boston, Nov. 9-11. 

The Austrian polar expedition under Payer and Weyprecht 
sails. (Francis Joseph land discovered, 1873; lat. 82° 5' 
reached, 1874.) 

Death of Mazzini and of Meade. 

1873. Beginning of President Grant's second administration. Sur- 

render of the Modocs. 
Death of Napoleon III., Jan. 9. Resignation of Tliiers, Mac- 
Mahon chosen his successor, May 24. The Germans com- 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. I77 

1873. plete the evacuation of the French territory, Sept. 16. The 
National Assembly confers the executive power on Mac- 
Mahon for a term of seven years (Septennat), night of 
Nov. 19-20. Bazaine is sentenced for treason, Dec. 10. 

Tlie Prussian government issues the Falk laws against the 
Catholics, May. 

Abdication of King Amadeus of Spain, Feb. 11 ; a republican 
government established. Formation of a ministry under 
the presidency of Figueras, with Castelar as minister of 
foreign affairs, Feb. 12. Act abolishing slavery in Porto 
Rico, March 22. Spain is declared a federal republic by 
vote of the Constituent Cortes, June 8. Pi y Margall is 
appointed president of the executive, June 11. Risings of 
the Intransigentes and Internationals in the cities of An- 
dalusia, Murcia, and Valencia, June-July. Bloody excesses 
of the Internationals in Alcoy, July 10. Formation of a 
new ministry under Salmeron, July 19. The Carlists take 
Igualada, July 20. End of the insurrection in Seville, July 
29. The Intransigentes of Cartagena bombard Almeria, 
July 30. The Intransigentes succumb, except in Carta- 
gena, Aug. Castelar is chosen by the Cortes president of 
the Executive, Sept. 7. Ineffectual operations of Moriones 
against the Carlists. The Carlists attempt the reduction of 
Bilbao. 

Capture of the steamship "Virginius" by a Spanish man-of- 
war, Oct. 31. Spain yields to the demands of the United 
States, Nov. 29. Surrender of the "Virginius," Dec. 16. 

Russian expedition under General Kaufmann against Khiva. 
The city of Khiva is taken, June 10. Treaty of peace, Aug. 

Outbreak of the Ashantee war. 

The sultan of Zanzibar submits to the demands of Sir Bartle 
Frere for the abolition of the slave trade. 

The Dutch make war on Atcheen; they suffer a severe re- 
vei-se. 

International exposition in Vienna. 

Financial panic in Austria and in the United States. 

Death of Bulwer, Livingstone, Mill, Manzoni, Agassiz. 

1874. Resignation of Gladstone, Feb. ; Disraeli prime-minister. 
Resignation of Castelar, .Jan. 3. Coup cVetat of General 

Pavia, Jan. 3. Serrano at the head of the Spanish govern- 
ment, Jan. 4. Surrender of Cartagena, Jan. 12. General 
Moriones, attempting to relieve Bilbao, is repulsed by the 



178 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1874. Cai'lists at Somorrostro, Feb. 34. Serrano and Concha at- 
tack the Carlist positions before Bilbao, and raise the siege 
of the city, April 28-May 2. General Concha attacks the 
Carlist stronghold of Estella, June 25-27; he is repulsed 
and mortally wounded. The Carlists, under Don Alfonso, 
brother of Don Carlos, take Cuenca, July 15. The Carlists 
are forced to retreat from before Puycerda and Irun, Aug, 
and Nov. Alfonso, son of the ex-queen Isabella, is pro- 
claimed king of Spain by the armies, as Alfonso XII. , Dec. 
29, 30. Establishment of a ministry of regency under 
Canovas del Castillo, Dec. 31. 

Capture of Koomassie by Sir Garnet Wolseley, Feb. 4. End 

of the Ashantee war. 
Annexation of the Feejee Islands to the British possessions. 
Successful campaign of the Dutch in Atcheen. 
Death of Fillmoi^e, Sumner, Kaulbach, Guizot. 

1875. England purchases the Khedive's share in the Suez canal, 

Nov. 

The Assembly in France adopts laws providing for the con- 
stitution of the national legislature; the legislative power 
to be vested in a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. 

Alfonso XII. lands in Spain, Jan. 9. Submission of the Carlist 
general Cabrera, March. Surrender of the Carlist fortress 
of Seo de Urgel, Avig. General Quesada drives the Carlists 
from before Pamplona, Nov. 

Outbreak of an insurrection in Herzegovina, July ; in Bosnia, 
Aug. 

Ismail Pasha engages in a war of conquest against the Abys- 
sinians. 

British polar exj)edition under Captain Nares. (See 1876.) 

Cameron completes his journey across the African continent. 

Death of Lyell, Andrew Johnson, Andersen. 

1876. General Custer's command is annihilated by the Sioux, June 

25, 26. Admission of Colorado into the Union. Disputed 

presidential election in the United States. The Republicans 

claim the election of Rutherford B. Hayes and William A. 

Wheeler ; the Democrats, of Samuel J. Tilden and Thomas 

A. Hendricks. 
Parliament confers on Queen Victoria the title of Empress 

of India ; formal assumption of the title, April 28. 
The Great Powers address a note (the Andrassy note) to the 

Porte, demanding reforms, Jan. 31. Severe fighting between 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. I79 

1876. the Herzegovinians and Mukhtar Pasha. Fresh rising in 
Bosnia, April. Eising in Bulgaria, May. Murder of the 
French and German consuls at Salonica, May 6. Massacres 
in Bulgaria, May. Revolution in Constantinople, May 12 ; 
fall of the grand- vizier Mahmoud Pasha. Gortchakoff , An- 
drassy, and Bismarck, draw up the Berlin Memorandum, 
May 14. Deposition of Abdul- Aziz and elevation of Murad 
V. , night of May 29-30. Violent death of Abdul-Aziz, June 
4. Servia and Montenegro declare war against the Porte, 
July 2. Victory of the Montenegrins at Vrbitza, July 28. 
The Turks defeat the Servians on the Timok, but are re- 
pulsed before Alexinatz, Aug. Deposition of Murad V. 
and elevation of Abdul Hamid II., Aug. 31. Surrender of 
Medun to the Montenegrins, Oct. 20. The Turlcs defeat the 
Servians at Diunis and Alexinatz, and completely break the 
strength of the enemy, Oct. Evissian ultimatum to the 
Porte, Oct. 30. Conclusion of a general armistice, Oct. 31. 
Midhat Pasha is appointed grand-vizier, Dec. 19. Pro- 
clamation of a constitution for the Turkish Empire, Dec. 
23. Opening of the conference of the Great Powers at 
Constantinople, Dec. 23. 
Fall of Estella, Feb. 19. Don Carlos retreats into France, 
Feb. 28. Abolition of the Fueros of the Basque provinces. 
Annexation of Khokan to Russia. 

The Abyssinians overthrow the Egyptian forces at Gura. 
The Boers of the Transvaal Republic, under President Burgers, 

engage in a disastrous war with the Caffres. 
Porfirio Diaz seizes the supreme power in Mexico. 
Centennial exposition in Philadelphia; Alexander Graham 

Bell exhibits his articulating telephone. 
A sledging party of Captain Nares's expedition reaches lat. 83° 

20' north of Greenland. 
Death of Deak, George Sand, Ehrenberg. 
1877. Congress passes an act providing for an Electoral Commission 
to settle the disputed presidential election, Jan. 25, 2Q ; Presi- 
dent Grant approves the act, Jan. 29. Election of the mem- 
bers of the Commission, Jan. 30. The Commission renders 
a decision in favor of Hayes, March 1. Congress declares 
Hayes elected, March 2. Inauguration of the president, 
March 5. Great labor strikes in the United States, disorders 
supijressed by the military, July-Aug. 
rhe grand council of the Turkish Empire rejects the proposi- 
13 



180 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1877. tions of tlie Great Powers respecting reforms, Jan. 18. 
Close of the conference at Constantinople, Jan. 20. Fall 
of Miclliat Pasha, Feb. 5. Peace between Turkey and Ser- 
via, March 1. Openmg of the Turkish Parliament, March 
19. London Protocol of the Great Powers, March 31. It 
is rejected by the Porte, April 9. Convention between Eus- 
sia and Roumania, April 16. Russia declai-es war against 
the Porte, April 24. The Russian forces enter Roumania 
and Turkish Armenia, April 24. Rising in the Caucasus, 
May. Roumania at war with the Porte, May. The Rus- 
sians storm Ardahan, May 17. Roumania declares her in- 
dependence, May 21. A portion of the Russian forces cross 
the Danube at Galatz, June 22. Repulse of General Loris- 
Melikoff at Zevin, June 25. The Russian main army begins 
the passage of the Danube at Simnitza, June 27. Mukhtar 
Pasha forces the Russians to raise the siege of Kars, July 9. 
General Gurko passes the Balkans, July 13, 14. Fall of 
Nicopolis, July 16. First victory of Osman Pasha at Plevna, 
July 20. A portion of the army of the grand-duke Nicholas 
suffers a great defeat before Plevna, July 30. Suleiman 
Pasha attacks and defeats General Gurko at Eski Zaghra, 
July 31, Aug. 1. Suleiman Pasha begins his attacks on the 
Russian positions in the Shipka Pass, Aug. 21. Successful 
operations of Mehemet Ali against the Russian crown-prince 
on the Lom, Aug. -Sept. The Russians storm Lovtcha 
(Lovatz), Sept. 3. Surrender of Niksitch to the Montene- 
grins, Sept. 8. Renewed attacks on Plevna, Sept. ; des- 
perate assault of the Russians and Roumanians, Sept. 11. 
Complete defeat of Mukhtar Pasha in the battle of Aladja 
Dagh, Oct. 15; followed by his retreat upon Erzerum. 
General Gurko storms Gorni Dubnik, ''Oct. 24. He takes 
Telish, Oct. 28. The Russians storm the Turkish positions 
at Deve-Boyun, and force Mukhtar Pasha to withdraw 
behind the fortifications of Erzerum, Nov. 4. Storming of 
Kars, Nov. 18. Mehemet Ali is forced from his positions 
at Pravetz, Nov. 23. Suleiman Pasha's forces capture 
Elena, Dec. 4. Osman Pasha attempts to break through 
the Russian lines at Plevna, but is forced to surrender, Dec. 
10. Defeat of Suleiman Pasha at Metchka, Dec. 12. Sei'Aaa 
declares war against the Porte, Dec. 14. General Gurko 
advances across the Balkans. 
The British take possession of the Transvaal Republic. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 181 

1877. Stanley establishes tlie identity of the Lualaba and Congo 

rivers. 
Death of Motley, Thiers, Leverrier. 

1878. General Gurko enters Sofia, Jan. 4. General Eartzoff forces 

the Troyan Pass, Jan. 7. Generals Mirski, Skobeleff, and 
Eadetzky capture the Turkish forces in the Shipka Pass, 
Jan. 9. Surrender of Nish to the Servians, Jan. 10. The 
Montenegrins take Antivari, Jan. 10. Fighting near Phil- 
ippopolis, ending in the ruin of Suleiman's army, Jan. 15- 
17. The Russians occupy Adrianople, Jan. 20. They ad- 
vance to the neighborhood of Constantinople. Armistice, 
Jan. 31. Entry of the British fleet into the Sea of Mar- 
mora, Feb. 13. Treaty of San Stefano, March 3. The 
British government embarks a force of Sepoys at Bombay 
for service against the Russians, April. England enters 
into a convention with Turkey, in which she engages to 
maintain the integrity of the Turkish dominions in Asia, the 
Porte permitting her to occupy Cyi^rus, June 4. Opening 
of the congress of Berlin, June 13. Treaty of Berlin, July 13. 

MAIN STIPULATIONS OF THE TREATY OF BERLIN. 
Roumania, Servia, and Montenegro are declared independent 
principalities ; Russia receives most of Turkish Armenia — includ- 
ing Kars and Ardahan — as well as Batum, and the portion of Bess- 
arabia annexed to Moldavia in 1856. The Dobrudja is given to 
Roumania. Large additions (including Nish) are made to the terri- 
tory of Servia, Montenegro receives Niksitch, Podgoritza, and 
AntivarL Bulgaria (with altered boundaries) is created a Christian 
principality, tributary to the Porte. The province of Eastern Rou- 
melia is created, to be ruled by a Christian governor. The fortresses 
of Shumla, Varna, Silistria, Rustchuk, and Viddin to be dismantled. 
Austria undertakes the occupation and administration of Bosnia 
and Herzegovina. Civil rights are guaranteed to non-Mohamme- 
dans in the Turkish Empire. 

The Austrian forces enter Bosnia and Herzegovina, July 29. 
The Mohammedans offer a desperate, but ineffectual, re- 
sistance. The subjugation of the provinces completed, Oct. 

Death of Victor Emanuel, Jan. 9. He is succeeded by his son, 
Humbert. 

Death of Pius IX., Feb. 7. Election of Leo XIII., Feb. 20. 

Attempt of the Nihilist Vera Zasulitch upon the life of Tre- 
poff, prefect of St. Petei-sburg, Feb. 5. General Mezentzeff, 



182 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1878. director of the third section of the Eussian imperial chan- 
cellery, is assassinated by Nihilist conspirators, Aug. 16. 

Attempt of Hodel upon the life of the emperor William, May 
4. Nohiliug wounds the emperor, June 2. The German 
Reichstag passes the Anti-Socialist Law, Oct. 

Reception of a Russian embassy, under Stolietoff , by Shir Ali, 
ameer of Afghanistan, Aug. Lord Lytton, viceroy of India, 
demands the admission of a British embassy at Cabool, 
Aug. The British embassy, under Sir Neville Chamber- 
lain, is refused a passage by the Afghan commandant at Ali 
Musjid (at the Xbyber Pass), Sept. The viceroy sends an 
ultimatum to Shir Ali, Nov. 2. The British forces enter 
Afghanistan, Nov. 21. General Browne attacks Ali Musjid, 
Nov. 21. He occupies the fort, Nov. 22. Victory of Gen- 
eral Roberts at the Peiwar Pass, Dec. 2. Withdrawal of 
the Russian embassy from Cabool, Dec. Flight of Shir Ali 
from Cabool, Dec. 13 ; his son, Yakub Khan, left in charge 
of the government. Bi'owne occupies Jellalabad, Dec. 20. 

Restoration of order throughout most of Cuba. 

International exhibition in Paris. 

Death of Joseph Henry, Bryant, Petermann. 

1879. Resumption of specie payment in the United States, Jan. 1. 
Resignation of President MacMahon, Jules Grevy chosen his 

successor, Jan. 30. Gambetta is chosen president of the 
French Chamber of Deputies, Jan. 31. 
The British, under Biddulph and Stewart, occupy Candahar 
and Kelat-i-Ghilzai, Jan. Death of Shir Ali in Turkestan, 
Feb. 21 ; Yakub Khan succeeds hun. Advance of the Brit- 
ish from Jellalabad to Gundamuk, April. Yakub Khan re- 
pairs to Gundamuk, and concludes there a treaty of peace 
with the British, May 19 (treaty signed. May 26). A British 
embassy, under Major Cavagnari, enters Cabool, July 24. 
Massacre of Cavagnari and his suite, Sept. 3. The British 
undertake a general advance on Cabool, Sept. Yakub Khan 
repairs to the British camp, Sept. The main army of the 
British, under General Roberts, traverses the Shutar-Gar- 
dan Pass, Oct. 1. He repulses the attacks of the Ghilzais, 
Oct. 2. He defeats the Caboolese near their capital, Oct. 6. 
Entry of his forces into Cabool, Oct. 12. Abdication of 
Yakub Klian, Oct. General Roberts, after protracted com- 
bats with the Afghans, evacuates Cabool, and collects his 
forces in a fortified jDOsition at Shu-pur, Dec. He dislodges 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 183 

1879. the Afghans from their positions around Shh'pur, Dec. 23. 
The British reoccupy Cabool. 

The British make war on the Zulu king Cetywayo, Jan. Dis- 
aster to the British at Isandula, Jan. 22. Lord Chelmsford 
repulses the Zulus at Gingolovo, April 2. He relieves Colo- 
nel Pearson at Ekowe, Aj)ril 3. Sir Garnet Wolseley is 
appointed to conduct the war, May. Prince Louis Napo- 
leon is slain in a reconnoissance, June 1. Lord Chelmsford 
vanquishes the Zulus at Ulundi, July 4. Capture of Cety- 
wayo, Aug. 28. 

Assassination of Krapotkin, governor of Kharkov, Feb. 21. 
Attempt upon the life of Drenteln, the successor of Mezen- 
tzeff, March 25. Attempt of Solovieff upon the life of 
Alexander II., April 14. Repulse of the Russians, under 
Lomakm, by the Tekke -Turkomans at Gok-Tepe, Sept. 9. 
Attempt of the Nihilists to blow up the train cariying the 
czar to Moscow, Dec. 1. 

Prince Alexander of Battenberg is elected prince of Bulgaria, 
Apinl 29. 

Ismail Pasha, khedive of Egypt, is deposed by the Porte, and 
his son, Tewfik Pasha, appointed his successor, June. 

Passage of the Irish Univereity Bill, Aug. Anti-rent agitation 
in Ireland. 

Resignation of Andrassy, Oct. ; Baron Haymerle succeeds him. 

Chili engages in a war with Bolivia and Peru. The Peruvian 
iron-clads "Huascar" and " Independencia " attack two 
Chilian men-of-war at Iquique, May 21 ; one of the Chilian 
vessels is simk ; the "Independencia," while pursuing the 
other, runs upon a shoal, and is lost. The Chilians cap- 
ture the " Huascar," Oct. 8. The Chilians occupy Pisagua, 
Nov. 2. They defeat the Peruvians and Bolivians at Dolores, 
Nov. 19. They occupy Iquique, Nov. 23. Battle of Tara- 
paca, Nov. 27. President Prado quits Peru, Dec. Pierola 
proclaims himself dictator. 

Destruction of Szegedin by an inundation of the Theiss, March, 

Nordenskjold accomplishes the northeast passage. 

Death of Espartero, Garrison, Carey. 

1880. Election of James A. Garfield to the presidency of the United 

States, Nov. 2 ; defeated candidate, W. S. Hancock. Ches- 
ter A. Arthur is elected vice-president. The United States 
government concludes a treaty with China relative to the 
restriction of the immigration of Chinese laborers, Nov. 17. 



184 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1880. Attempt to blow up the Russian imperial family in the Win- 
ter Palace, Feb. 17. General Loris-Melikoff is appointed 
president, with almost dictatorial powers, of a supreme com- 
mission charged with the suppression of Nihilism, Feb. 24. 
The Russians undertalce a new expedition against the 
Tekke-Turkomans, Skobeleff commanding, July. Aboli- 
tion of the supreme commission, Loris-MelikofP appointed 
minister of the interior with extensive powers, Aug. 18. 

Publication of the Ferry Educational Bill in France, March 
19. Promulgation of the decrees of the Freycinet cabinet 
ordering the dissolution of all the Jesuit establishments and 
compelling all other non-authorized religious orders to sub- 
mit their statutes to the government, March 30 (decrees 
dated March 29). Passage of a bill granting amnesty to 
the Communists, July (decree signed by the president, July 
10). Resignation of Freycinet, Jul&s Ferry becomes head 
of the ministry, Sept. 

Resignation of the Beaconsfield ministry, Gladstone forms a 
new cabinet, April. Abdurrahman Khan, neiDhew of Shir 
Ali, is proclaimed ameer of Cabool under British auspices, 
July 22. General Burrows's command is overwhelmed at 
Kushk-i-Nakhud, by Ayub Khan of Herat, July 27. Gen- 
eral Roberts marches from Cabool to relieve Candahar; 
Aug. Withdrawal of General Stewart's forces from Ca- 
bool, Aug. 11. Roberts enters Candahar, Aug. 31. He 
disperses Ayub Khan's army on the Argand-ab, Sept. 1 ; 
flight of Ayub toward Herat. 

The agrarian movement in Ireland develops into a formida- 
ble system of terrorism. 

A conference of the Great Powers is convened at Berlin, sup- 
plementary to the Berlin congress of 1878, June. Naval 
demonstration of the Powers off the coast of Albania to en- 
force the decrees of the supplementally conference respect- 
ing the surrender of Dulcigno by Turkey to Montenegro, 
Sept. A Turkish force expels the Albanians from Dulcigno, 
which is taken possession of by the Montenegrins, Nov. 

A violent agitation against the Jews is set on foot in Germany. 

The Cortes of Spain pass a law for the gradual abolition of 
slavery in Cuba (the period being fixed at eight yeare), Jan. 
(Promulgation of the law, Feb.) 

Rising in the Transvaal against British rule, Nov. 

The Society Islands are annexed to the dominions of Franca 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 185 

1880. The Chilians unsuccessfully attack Arica by sea, Feb. 27. 

They enter Moquegua and storm the heights commanding 
it, March 20, 21. The blockade of Callao is begun, April. 
The Chilians storm the positions of the Peruvians and Bo- 
livians at Tacna, May 27. They make themselves masters 
of Arica, June 7. 

Manuel Gonzalez succeeds Diaz as president of Mexico. 

Completion of the cathedral of Cologne. 

Death of Jules Favre, Cremieux, Peirce, George Eliot. 

1881. Beginning of Garfield's administration, March 4. He is shot 

by an assassin, July 2. He dies Sept. 19. Chester A. 
Arthur succeeds him. 

A detachment of British troops, under Sir George Colley, is 
annihilated by the Boers, Feb. 37. England agrees to a 
peace with the Boers on the basis of the autonomy of the 
Transvaal, March 21. 

Final passage of the Irish Land Bill, Aug. 16 ; the bill receives 
the royal assent, Aug. 22. Arrest and imprisonment of 
Parnell and other Irish agitatoi-s, Oct. Manifesto of the 
Irish Land League against the payment of rent, Oct. 18. 

The Russians, under General Skobeleff, take Gok-Tepe, Jan. 
24. Treaty between Russia and China respecting Kulja, 
Feb. Assassination of Alexander II., March 13; he is 
succeeded by his son, Alexander III. Outbreak of the 
persecution of the Jews in Russia, April. General Igna- 
tieff succeeds Loris-Melikoff as minister of the interior, 
May 16. 

France dispatches an expedition to Tunis with the ostensible 
object of chastising the Krumirs, April. Treaty with the 
bey establishing a French protectorate over Tunis, May 12. 
Bloody afPray between the Italians and French in Mar- 
seilles, June 19. An insurrection breaks out in Tunis, June. 
The French take Sfax, July 16. They occupy Kairwan, 
Oct. 26. The Ferry ministry resigns, and is succeeded by 
that of Gambetta, Nov. 

Hamburg consents to her incorporation in the Zollverein on 
condition of retaining the privilege of having a free port 
for her general commei'ce. 

The Italian Chamber passes an electoral reform bill, June; 
the bill passes through the Senate, Dec. 

The Turkish government gives its final consent to the cession 
to Greece of an extensive territory in Thessaly and Epirus, 



186 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1881. May. Sentence of Midhat Pasha and others for the mur- 
der of Abdul- Aziz, June 29. 

Roumania assumes the title of kingdom, March 26. 

Death of Baron Haymerle, Austrian foreign minister, Oct. 
Kalnoky is appointed his successor, Nov. Outbreak of an 
insurrection in the district of Crivoscie in Dalmatia, Nov. 
Decree of the government of Austriaj-Hungary subjecting 
the inhabitants of Bosnia and Herzegovina to military 
service in the imperial army. 

Sagasta becomes head of the ministry in Spain (succeeding 
Canovas del Castillo), Feb. 

Evacuation of Candahar by the British, April. Battle between 
Ayub Elhan and Abdurrahman at Candahar, Sept. 22; 
Ayub's army broken up. Abdurrahman's forces occupy 
Herat, Oct. 4. 

Revolutionary movement of the soldiery in Cairo, headed by 
Arabi Bey, the chief of the military or "national" party 
in Egypt, Sept. ; the khedive appoints Sherif Pasha prime- 
minister. Meeting of an assembly of Notables at Cairo, 
Dec. — Revolt of the Mahdi, or False Prophet, in the Soudan. 

The Chilians defeat the Peruvians at Chorillos, Jan. 13, and 
at Miraflores, Jan. 15. They enter Lima, Jan. 17. Pierola 
continues the war in the provinces. Establishment of a 
provisional government in Peru under the presidency of 
Calderon, March. Seizure of President Calderon by the 
orders of Admiral Lynch, Nov. 

Great earthquake at Scio, April. 

Completion of the St. Gothard tunnel. The construction of 
the Panama canal is begun. 

Death of Mariette, Carlyle, Beaconsfield, Littre, Bluntschli. 

1882. Sherif Pasha, prime-minister of Egypt, refusing to yield to 

the demand of the Notables for parliamentary government, 
is compelled to resign, Feb. ; a ministry is formed, with 
Arabi Bey, secretary of war, as its actual head. The Anglo- 
French "control" in the financial administration of Egypt 
is practically abolished. Arabi Pasha (pasha since March) 
makes himself virtual dictator. May. Massacre of Euro- 
peans at Alexandria, June 11. A conference of the Great 
Powers for the settlement of the Egyptian question meets at 
Constantinople, June 23. Admiral Seymour bombards the 
forts at Alexandria, July 11, 12. Withdrawal of Arabi and 
his forces from the city, massacre of Europeans there, July 12. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 187 

1882. The British undertake a campaign for the overthrow of 
Arabi. He is completely defeated by Sir Garnet Wolseley 
at Tel el-Kebir, Sept. 13. He becomes a prisoner of the 
British, Sept. 14. He is sentenced to death, his sentence is 
commvited to banishment, Dec. 3. 

Release of Parnell and other Irish agitatoi"s. May. Lord Cav- 
endish, the newly appointed secretary for Ireland, and 
Burke, the under-secretary, are murdered at Dublin, May 
6. Parliament passes the Arreai's of Rent Bill for Ireland, 
July- Aug. Formation of the Irish National League, Oct. 

Gambetta resigns his premiership and is succeeded by Frey- 
cinet, Jan. The French determine to secure the delta of 
\ the Sang-koi River (Red River), in Tonquin, to their com- 
merce and arrest the predatory incursions of the Black 
Flags (a Chinese soldiery, a remnant of the Taiping rebels). 
Major Riviere makes himself master of the citadel of 
Ha-noi, April. Anam encoui'ages the Black Flags in their 
resistance to the French, and invokes the aid of China. 
Resignation of the French prime-minister Freycinet, July ; 
a new cabinet is formed under Duclerc, Aug. Death of 
Gambetta, Dec. 31, 

Insurrection in Herzegovina, Jan. The Austrian forces sup- 
press the insurrection in Dalmatia and Herzegovina, March. 

Count Tolstoi succeeds Ignatieff as minister of the interior in 
Russia, June. 

Bands of Peruvians maintain a desultory warfare against the 
Chilians. 

Death of J. H. Draper, Longfellow, Darwin, Emerson, Gari- 
baldi, Louis Blanc, Anthony Ti'ollope. 

1883. The United States Congress passes the Civil Service Bill, Jan. 
The Duclerc cabinet in France is succeeded by that of Fal- 

lieres, Jan. The Fallieres cabinet resigns, Feb. ; Jules 
Ferry becomes (for the second time) head of the mmistry. 
The Anamese unsuccessfully assault Ha-noi, Mai'ch. A 
French force, under Riviere, is surprised by the Black 
Flags and defeated. Riviere being slain. May 19. The 
French fleet, under Courbet, bombards the Anamese forts 
at the mouth of the river Hue, Aug. 18-20. Anam is com- 
pelled to accept the French terms of peace, Aug. 25; a 
French protectorate is established over Anam ; the French 
are allowed to prosecute their designs with I'egard to Tonquin. 
The French take Son-tay (N. W. of Ha-noi), Dec. 16, 17. 



188 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1883. Aggressions of the French in Madagascar. Admiral Pierre 

bombards Tamatave, June 13. 

Italy enters into an alliance with the German Empire and 
Austria-Hun gary . 

Death of the count de Chambord, Aug. 24. 

Coronation of Alexander III. at Moscow, May 27. 

Military revolts in Spain, Aug. Resignation of prime-minis- 
ter Sagasta, Oct. ; Posada-Herrera succeeds him. 

The Mahdi annihilates an Egyptian army, under Hicks Pasha, 
near El-Obeid (the chief town of Kordofan), Nov. 3-5. 
Risings of the hill tribes in the coast region of the Sou- 
dan, about Suakin. 

The Iglesias government in Peru accepts Chili's terms of 
peace. The Chilian forces evacuate Lima, Oct. 

The German Reichstag passes a law providing for the general 
insurance of workingmen against illness. 

Earthquake in the island of Ischia, July 28. Volcanic erup- 
tion at the island of Krakatoa, in Sunda Strait, Aug. 
26, 27. 

Completion of the East River suspension bridge. 

Death of Gustave Dore, Richard Wagner, J. R. Green, 
Gortchakoff, Karl Marx, Abd-el-Eader, Sir E. Sabine, Tur- 
geneff, Mayne Reid, Henri Martin. 

1884. Grover Cleveland is elected president of the United States, 

and Thomas A. Hendricks vice-president, Nov. 4 ; defeated 
candidate for the presidency, James G. Blaine. 

The French general Millot takes Bac-ninh (N. E. of Ha-noi), 
March 12. The Chinese attack a French force at Lang-son 
(a town of Tonquin, near the Chinese frontier), June 23. 
Open war between France and China, Aug. Courbet de- 
stroys the arsenal at Foochow, Aug. 23. Descents upon 
Formosa. — The French continue to wage war in Madagas- 
car. — Revision of the French constitution, Aug. 

General Gordon is dispatched by the British to the Soudan, 
Jan. An Egyptian force, under Baker Pasha, is vanquished 
by Osman Digna near Tokar (S. E. of Suakin), Feb. 4. 
General Graham defeats Osman Digna near Tokar, Feb. 
29, and at Tamanieb, March 13. Gordon is shut up in 
Khartoum by the followers of the Mahdi. Egyptian con- 
ference at London, June 28- Aug. 2. Expedition under 
Wolseley for the relief of Gordon. 

Passage of the new Fi^anchise Bill by Parliament, Nov. -Dec. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORT. 189 

1884. Meeting of the emperoi's of Russia, Germany, and Austria at 

Skierniewice (a town S. W. of Warsaw), Sept. 15-17. 
New ministry in Spain under Canovas del Castillo, Jan. 
The Tekke-Tui'komans of Merv submit to Russia. 
Porfirio Diaz becomes for a second time president of Mexico, 

succeeding Manuel Gonzalez. 
The German Reichstag passes a law providing for the general 

insurance of workingmen against accidents. 
Germany engages in the work of colonization in Africa. 
Death of Mignet, Reade, Lepsius, Makart. 

1885. Beginning of President Cleveland's administration, March 4. 

Death of Vice-president Hendricks, Nov. 25. 

Attempts of Iiish revolutionists to wreck the Houses of Par- 
liament and the London Tower, Jan. 24. 

The Mahdi captures Khartoum at the moment when Wolse- 
ley's advance reaches the vicinity of the place, Jan. 26 ; 
death of Gordon. The British forces are withdrawn from 
the Soudan. Death of the Mahdi. 

The Russian general Komaroff occupies the Zulfikar Pass, 
leading to Herat. He attacks the Afghans on the Kushk, 
March 30. England makes military preparations to meet 
a Russian advance upon Herat. A settlement is effected, 
the British government making some concessions to Rus- 
sia with respect to the houndary between Turkestan and 
Afghanistan. 

Louis Riel heads an insurrection in Canada. He is defeated 
and captured, May. (He is executed, Nov. 16.) 

Resignation of the Gladstone ministry, June ; the Marquis 
of Salisbury becomes premier. 

Outbreak of w^ar between England and Burmah, Nov. Entry 
of General Prendergast's forces into Mandalay, Nov. 28 ; 
surrender of King Thehaw. 

The French meet with a reverse in Tonquin, near the Chi- 
nese frontier, March. Resignation of Jules Ferry's cab- 
inet, March. Brisson forms a new ministry, April. Peace 
between France and China, June 9. Attack upon the 
French at Hue, July. Announcement of peace between 
France and Madagascar, Dec. ; the government of Mada- 
gascar forced to recognize the French x^rotectorate. Grevy 
is re-elected President of France, Dec. 28. Brisson re- 
signs. 

Death of Alfonso XII. of Spain, Nov. 25. His widow, Chris- 



190 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1885. tina, becomes regent of the kingdom. Sagasta is made 
premier. 

Meeting of the emperors of Austria and Russia at Kremsier 
(in Moravia), Aug. 

Eevolution in Eastern Roumelia, Sept. 18. Proclamation of 
the union of the province with the principality of Bulga- 
ria. The Servians invade Bulgaria, and are completely 
defeated, Nov. 

Creation of the Congo Free State, Feb. 

Destructive earthquakes in Spain, Jan. 

Death of Hugo, Grant, Montefiore, McClellan, Serrano. 

Completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway. 

1886. Extensive labor strikes in the United States. Bloody riots in 

Chicago, May. 

The annexation of Burmah to Great Britain proclaimed, Jan. 
1. Resignation of the Salisbury ministry, Jan. Gladstone 
again becomes premier, Feb. He introduces a bill in Par- 
liament providing for home rule in Ireland, Aj)ril. He 
submits a land-purchase scheme for Ireland, April. For- 
mation of the Liberal Unionist Party. Fall of the Glad- 
stone ministry, July; Salisbury again premier. 

Freycinet becomes head of the ministry in France, Jan. Ex- 
pulsion of the Orleans and Bonaparte princes from the re- 
public. Freycinet resigns ; Goblet forms a new cabinet, Dec. 

Christina, widow of Alfonso XII. of Spain, gives birth to a 
son, who becomes king as Alfonso XIII., May 17. 

Measures for the Germanization of Polish districts in Prussia 
passed by the Landtag. 

King Louis II. of Bavaria drowns himself, June. He is suc- 
ceeded by his brothei', Otho II. Prince Luitpold, uncle of 
Otho, governs as regent. 

Prince Alexander of Bulgaria is recognized as governor of 
Eastern Roumelia. Conspiracy against Alexander, excited 
by the intrigues of Russia and headed by ZankofP, the met- 
ropolitan Clement, and others. He is kidnapped, Aug. 21. 
A counter-revolution' takes place, the revolutionary gov- 
ernment is overthrown by Mutkuroff, and the prince, hav- 
ing been set at liberty, returns to resume the reins of power, 
Aug. In consequence of the attitude of the Czar, prince 
Alexander formally abdicates his crown, Sept. 7. 

Greece threatens an invasion of Turkey. Intervention of 
the Great Powers. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 191 

1886. The city of Charleston (S. C) is shattered by an earthquake, 

Aug. 
Death of Liszt, Beust, Arthur, C. F. Adams. 

1887. Congress passes the Intei'state Commerce Law. Execution of 

Anarchists in Chicago, Nov. 11. 

Goblet, head of the French cabinet, resigns. May ; Eourier 
becomes head of the ministry. Rouvier resigns, Nov. 
President Grevy abdicates, Dec. 2 (act of abdication dated 
Dec. 1). Sadi Cai'not is elected his successor, Dec. 3. The 
president accepts the resignation of the Rouvier cabinet. 
Tirard is entrusted with the formation of a new cabinet. 

Termination of the KulturJccnnpf waged by the Prussian 
government against the Holy See, the former having been 
gradually compelled to renounce the policy inaugurated iu 
the ecclesiastical laws of 1873. 

Renewal of the Triple Alliance between the German Empire, 
Austria-Hungary, and Italy. 

Prince Ferdinand of Cobui-g is elected prince of Bulgaria, 
July. Russia protests against the election. 

The Italians sufPer a bloody defeat near Massowa at the hands 
of King John of Abyssinia, Jan. 

Stanley undertakes an expedition for the relief of Emin Bey, 
governor of the equatorial provinces of Egypt. Starting 
from the Congo, he marches through the basin of the 
Aruwimi, and then traverses the wildei^ness between that 
river and the Albert N'yanza, which he reaches. 

The German government begins the construction of the canal 
to connect the North Sea with the Baltic. 

The consti'uction of the Manchester Sbip Canal is begim. 

Death of Beechei-, Kraszewski, S. F. Baird, Kirchhoff. 

1888. Fisheries Treaty between the United States and Great Britain 

signed at Washington, Feb. 15. It is rejected by the United 
States Senate. Benjamin Harrison is elected president of 
the United States and Levi P. Morton vice-president, Nov. 
6 ; defeated candidate for the presidency, Grover Cleve- 
land. 

Death of William I., emperor of Germany, March 9 ; he is 
succeeded by his son, Frederick. Death of Frederick, June 
15 ; he is succeeded by his son, William II. 

Boulaugist agitation in France. Boulanger demands a re- 
vision of the constitution. Resignation of the Tirard min- 
istry, March. Floquet forms a cabinet, Api'il. 



192 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF LTNIVERSAL HLSTORY. 

1888. General Grenfell carries the fortifications of Osman Digna, 

near Suakin, Dec. 20. 

Porfirio Diaz is re-elected president of Mexico. 

The government in Brazil passes an act by which the emanci- 
pation of the slaves is completed. (See 1871.) 

Conflict in Samoa between the Americans and Germans. 

The Gei'man East African Company becomes involved in a 
war with the Arab traders of Zanzibar. 

Meeting of Stanley and Emin Pasha on Lake Albert N'yanza. 

The Russian Trans-Caspian Railway is opened as far as 
Samarkand. 

Death of Asa Gray, Matthew Arnold, General Sheridan. 

1889. Beginning of President Benjamin Hai'rison's administration. 

Admission of North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, and 
Washington into the Union. An international American 
conference assembles in the city of Washington. 

Resignation of the Floquet cabinet in France. Tirard be- 
comes for a second time head of the ministry, Feb. Trial 
and condemnation of Boulanger by the Senate. 

The German Reichstag passes a law providing for the com- 
pulsory insurance of workingmen against disability arising 
from old age or infirmity. 

King Milan of Servia abdicates in favor of his son, Alex- 
ander, March. 

Collision between the British and Portuguese in southeastern 
Africa. Death of King Louis of Portugal, Oct. 19 ; he is 
succeeded by his son, Charles. 

Military uprising in Brazil, headed by Marshal Deodoro da 
Fouseca, Nov. 15 ; the government of Pedro II. is over- 
thrown and Brazil proclaimed a republic. 

Conference at Berlin between the i-epresentatives of the Ger- 
man Empire, the United States, and Great Britain for the 
settlement of the affairs of Samoa. 

Establishment of parliamentary government in Japan. 

King John of Abyssinia is defeated by the dervishes and 
mortally wounded, March. Menelek of Shoa obtains pos- 
session of the Abyssinian throne. 

March of Stanley and Emin Pasha to the Zanzibar coast. 

Successful expedition of Wissmann against the Arab traders 
of Zanzibar. 

International Exposition in Paris. 

Destruction of Johnstown (Pa.) by the bursting of a dam. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVEESAL HISTORY. 193 

1889. Death of Ericsson, John Bright, Cheyreul, Joule, Augier, 

Jefferson Davis, Browning. 
^SRO. Oklahoma is organized as a territory. Admission of Idaho 
and Wyoming into the Union. Congress passes the Mc- 
Kinley Tariff Bill, Messiah craze among the Indians. 
Killing of the Sioux chief Sitting Bull, Dec. 

An international conference is held at Berlin under the 
auspices of William II. for the discussion of questions re- 
lating to the welfare of the working classes. Bismarck 
resigns the chancellorship of the German Empire, March; 
General Caprivi is appointed his successor. 

Portugal is forced to yield to the demands of England in the 
dispute respecting sovereignty in southeastern Africa. 

Treaty between the German Empire and Great Britain estab- 
lishing the boundaries of the spheres of activity of the two 
powers in Africa, and providing for the cession of the 
island of Heligoland to Germany. England assumes a 
protectorate over Zanzibar. 

Division in the ranks of the Irish Nationalists. The majority 
of the party recognize Justin McCarthy as leader in oppo- 
sition to Parnell, Dec. 

The Tirard ministry in France resigns, March ; Freycinet 
forms a new cabinet. 

Tisza, the Hungarian premier, after having been at the head 
of affairs for more than fourteen yeai-s, resigns, and is 
succeeded by Count Szapary. 

Canovas del Castillo succeeds Sagasta as head of the ministry 
in Spain, July. 

Death of William HI. of Holland, Nov. 23. He is succeeded 
by his daughter, Wilhelmina, Queen Emma being ap- 
pointed regent. Adolphus, formerly duke of Nassau, suc- 
ceeds to the throne of the grand-duchy of Luxemburg. 

Disorder's in the Swiss canton of Ticino. The usurpations of 
the clerical party are checked by a revolutionary outbreak, 
Sept. Intervention of the Swiss federal government. 

Convention between Belgium and the Congo Free State pro- 
viding for the annexation of the latter to the former at the 
end of ten years. 

Insurrection in Buenos Ayres against the government of 
President Celman, July. He is driven from the city, but 
regains his power in a few days, after bloody fighting. He 
resigns in favor of Pellegrini, Aug. 



194 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

1890. Completion of the new Croton Aqueduct." 
Opening of the Forth railway bridge. 

Death of Dollinger, Andrassy, the Chinese diplomatist, Mar- 
quis Tseng, Fremont, Cardinal Newman, Schliemann. 

1891. General Miles pacifies the Indians of the Northwest, Jan. 

Congress passes the Copyright Bill, March. Lynching of 
a number of Italians in New Orleans, March. Italy sus- 
pends diplomatic relations with the United States. 

Renewal of the Triple Alliance between the German Empire, 
Austria-Hungary, and Italy. 

The German Reichstag enacts a code of regiilations for the 
protection of workingmen. 

Death of Parnell, Oct. 

Osman Digna is completely defeated by the Egyptians in the 
neighborhood of Suakin, Feb. 

A conflict in Chili between President Balmaceda and Con- 
gress culminates in civil war. The Congressionalists, hav- 
ing determined to put an end to the president's arbitrary 
regime by means of a revolution, begin the struggle by in- 
ducing the i^rincipal part of the national fleet to revolt, 
Jan. After a number of severe encounters, the war termi- 
nates in favor of the Congressional party, whose forces 
vanquish those of Balmaceda in the outskirts of Valparaiso, 
capture that city and enter Santiago, Aug. Balmaceda 
puts an end to his life, Sept. Difficulties arise with the 
government of the United States in consequence of a mur- 
derous assault upon American seamen in Valparaiso, Oct. 
Jorge Montt is chosen president of Chili, Nov. 

Promulgation of the constitution of the United States of 
Brazil, Feb. Marshal Fonseca, hitherto the provisional 
head of the republic, is elected president, Feb. He at- 
tempts to usurp dictatorial power, Nov. Revolt of the 
province of Rio Grande do Sul, Nov. A revolutionary 
movement in Rio Janeiro forces President Fonseca to re- 
sign, Nov. The vice-president, Peixoto, assumes the duties 
of president. 

Rising among the Manipuris, in India, against the British, 
March- April. 

A convention of the colonies of Australasia, assembled at 
Sydney, draws up a federal constitution. 

The Russian government begins the construction of the trans- 
Siberian railway. 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. I95 

1891. Famine in Russia. 

Death of Elinglake, Bancroft, Meissonier, General Sherman, 
Prince Napoleon, General J. E. Johnston, Moltke, Lowell, 
Grevy, Earl Lytton, Pedro II. 

1892. Chili apologizes to the United States for the outrages per- 

petrated upon American seamen at Valparaiso. 

England and the United States agree to submit their dif- 
ferences in the matter of the Behring Sea seal-fisheries to 
arbitration. 

Italy resumes regular diplomatic relations -vAdth the United 
States. 

Suspension of the Navigation Laws in the United States by 
the admission of the steamers " City of Paris " and " City 
of New York '' to American registry, May. 

The Freycinet ministry in France resigns, Feb. ; Loubet be- 
comes head of the cabinet. 

Death of Tewfik Pasha, khedive of Egypt, Jan. 7. He is 
succeeded by his son, Abbas Pasha. 

Death of Airy, J. C. Adams, Etienne Arago, Freeman, Whit- 
man, Bodenstedt. 



U 



APPENDIX 



Egypt — [b. C.J— Date of the foundation of the first dynasty according to 
Lepsius, about 3900 ; according to Bunsen, about 3600 ; according to 
Marietta, about 5000. 

Bi-ugsch, presenting what he regards as a plausible approximative reconstruc- 
tion of the chronology of the first 17 dynasties, gives : 

Foundation of the first dynasty, about 4400 ; reign of Khufu (Cheops), 
the builder of the Great Pyramid of Gizeh, about 3700 ; invasion of the 
Hyksos or Shepherds, about 2200; subversion of the dominion of the 
Hyksos and foundation of the 18th dynasty (New Empire), about 1700. 

Some Egyptologists reduce the period preceding the invasion of the Hyksos 
to less than 1000 years. Kawlinson is inclined to assign to the period of the 
Hyksos no more than 200 years. With the foundation of the 18tli dynasty the 
chronological uncertainty ceases in a great measure. Brugsch's date for this 
event accords with the chronology of Lepsius. Keginald Stuart Poole and Birch 
incline to a somewhat later date. 

Period of the greatest power and splendor of the New Empire, from 
about 1700 (1600) to about 1250 — principal kings: Aahmes (Amasis), 
founder of the 18th dynasty, Thothmes III. and Amenhotep III., of the 
same dynasty, Seti I. and Raraeses II. (the Sesostris of the Greeks), of the 
19th dynasty, and Rameses III. of the 20th dynasty ; expedition of She- 
shonk (Shishak) against Judah, about 949 {Dunchei- ; about 973, Biblical 
chronology) ; period of Ethiopian and Assyrian overlordsliip, about 750- 
650; Psamatik I. (Psammetichus), king over the whole country, from 
about 650; reign of Necho, about 610-595 ; Psamatik II., about 595-589 ; 
Hophra (Aprils), about 589-570; Amasis, about 570-527; under Psam- 
menitus (Psamatik III.), the country is conquered by the Persian king 
Cambyses, 527 (525 ?) ; again independent, 405 (404?); Persian dominion 
re-established, about 340 ; occupied by Alexander, 332 ; on Alexander's 
death, 323, assigned to Ptolemy Lagi ; Ptolemy Lagi assumes the title of 
king, 300 ; end of the Ptolemaic dynasty, kingdom annexed to the Roman 
dominions, 30 b. c. 



198 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 

Pyramids of Gizeh — The date of the erection of the Great Pyramid, the 
pyramid of Khufu (Cheops), according to the chronology of Lepsius is 
about 3100 B. c. According to Brugsch the probable date would be about 
3700. Marictte carries back the reign of Khufu to about 4200. Other 
Egyptologists assign to the monument a lesser antiquity than Lepsius. 
The other two pyramids of Gizeh are the work of the immediate suc- 
cessors of Khufu. 

Babylonia — [b. c] — The various portions of the country permanently 
united into a single powerful monarchy, about 1500 (?) ; reign of Nabonas- 
sar, 747-734 * ; Tiglath-pileser II. imposes the yoke of Assyria, about 781 ; 
Merodach-baladan liberates the kingdom and mounts the throne, 721 
(722); resubjugated by the Assyrian king Sargon, 710-709; Babylon de- 
stroyed by Sennacherib, about 695 ; its restoration undertaken by Esar- 
haddon. king of Assyria, about G80 ; unsuccessful revolt from Assyria, 
about 650-G48 ; Nabopolassar throws off the authority of Assyria, about 
620 (?) ; the Medcs and Babylonians overthrow the Assyrian monarchy, 
607 (606) f; reign of Nebuchadnezzar, 605-561 (562); Evil-merodach, 
561-559 ; Neriglissar, 559-555 ; Nabonidus succeeds ; overthrow of the 
monarchy by Cyrus, 538 ; unsuccessful effort to throw off the Persian 
yoke, about 521-519. 

Assyria — [b. c] — Reign of Shalmaneser I., about 1300 ; Tiglath-pileser I., 
about 1100 ;. Assur-nazir-pal, 885-860 ; 1^ Shalmaneser II., 860-825 ; Samsi- 
raman (Samsi-vul), 825-812; Raman-nirar (Vul-nirari), 812-783; Shal- 
maneser III., 783-773; Assur-dan-il, 773-755; Assur-nirar, 755-745; 
Tiglath-pileser IL, 745-727; Shalmaneser IV., 727-122; Sargon, 722-705 ; 
Sennacherib, 705-681 ; Esarhaddon, 681-668 ; Assur-bani-pal, 668-626 ; 
overthrow of the Assyrian monarchy by the Medes and Babylonians, 607 
(606). t 

Hebrews — [b. c] 

According to the Common Chronology. 

Establishment of royalty, Saul made king, about 1095 (1080). 

Beginning of David's reign, 1055 (1058). 

Accession of Solomon, 1015 (1017). 

Revolt of the Ten Tribes, 975 (977). 

Destruction of the kingdom of Israel by the Assyrians, 722 (721). 

Destruction of the kingdom of Judah by the Babylonians, 586 (587). 



* According to the Canon of Ptolemy. 

t Some authorities place this event in 625, and consider the reign of Assur-bani-pal to 
have terminated about 6^7. See Duncker, " AUgemeine Geschichte des Alterthums," 
fifth edition, vol. ii., pp. 473-479. 

t The cuneiform inscriptions of the Assyrian Eponym Canon furnish a complete 
chronological record extending from the beginning of the ninth century nearly down 
to the destruction of the monarchy. This chronology is not fully in accord with that 
of the Bible. See Hebrews. 



APPENDIX. 



199 



The decipherment of the Assyrian cuneiform inscriptions has unsettled the 
chronology of the early period of authentic Jewish history. 

According to the Assyrian Records.* According to the Biblical Chronology. 

King Ahab fought against the Assy- Ahab was slain in 000 (897). 

rians at Karkar in 854. 

Jehu paid tribute to Assyria in 842. Jehu died in 859 (856). 

Uzziah was still reigning in 742 or 740. Uzziah died in 758. 

Menahem paid tribute to the Assy- Mcnahem died in 762 (761). 

rians in 738. 

The Assyrian records place the capture of Samaria in 722, wliich agrees with 
the Biblical chronology. With regard to the extraordinary discrepancy as to 
the interval between the reign of Menahem and the capture of Samaria, Jules 
Oppert,+ who has devoted much labor to the revindication of the Biblical chro- 
nology, refuses to admit that the Menahem who figures in the Assyrian inscrip- 
tions in 738 is the Menahem of ths Biblical text, and argues that there was 
probably a second king of Israel by that name. Dunckcr,1: who has attempted a 
reconstruction of the Biblical chronology with reference to the data furnished by 
Assyriologists (as well as to the information concerning the duration of the rule 
of Omri and Ahab contained in the inscription on the Moabite Stone), gives as 
the most plausible approximate date for the death of Solomon the year 953. The 
beginning of Solomon's reign would then be 993, and the elevation of David in 
Judah, 1033. 

The following is a list of the successors of Solomon with the approximate 
dates of their accession according to Duncker: 



JUDAH. 




ISRAEL. 




JUDAH. 




ISRAEL. 




Eehoboam, 


953. 


Jeroboam I., 


953. 






Zachariah, 


749. 


Abijah, 


932. 










Shallum, 


748. 


Asa. 


929. 










Menahem, 


748. 






Nadab, 


927. 


Jotham, 


740. 










Baasha, 


925. 






Pekahiah, 


738. 






Elah, 


901. 






Pekah, 


736. 






Omri, 


899. 


Ahaz, 


734. 


Hoshea, 


734. 






Ahab, 


875. 


Hezekiah, 


728. 






Jehoshaphat, 


873. 










Capture of Sa 


.- 






Ahaziah, 


853. 






maria, 


722, 






Joram, 


851. 


Manasseh, 


697. 






Jehoram, 


848. 






Amon, 


642. 






Ahaziah, 


844. 






Josiah, 


640. 






Athaliah, 


843. 


Jehu, 


843. 


Jehoaliaz, 


609. 






Joash, 


837. 






Jehoiakim, 


609. 










Jehoahaz, 


815. 


Jehoiachin, 


597. 










Joash, 


798. 


Zedekiah, 


597. 






Amaziah, 


797. 






Destruction of 






Uzziah, 


792. 


Jeroboam 11., 


, 790. 


Jerusalem, 


586. 







* See Schrader, " Keilinschriften uud das alte Testament." 

t " Salomon et ses successeurs." t " Geschichte des Alterthums." 



200 



CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE OF UNIVERSAL HISTORY. 



SuccBssoKS OF SoLoiioN, With the dates of their accession according to 
Oppert : 



JUDAH. 




ISRAEL. 




JUDAH, 




ISRAEL. 




Rehoboam, 


9V8. 










Foreign domi- 








Jeroboam I., 


977. 






nation, 798-787. 


Abijah, 


900. 










Jeroboam again 


1,787. 


Asa, 


958. 










Zachariah, 


773. 






Nadab, 


956. 






Shallura, 


772. 






Baasha, 


955. 






Menahem I. , 


772. 






Elah, 


932. 






Pekahiah, 


762. 






Omri with Tib- 






Pekah, 


759. 






ni, 


931. 


Jotham, 


758. 










Orari alone, 


927. 


Ahaz, 


743. 










Ahab, 


920. 






Menahem II., 


742. 


Jehoshaphat, 


917. 










Pekah again. 


733. 






Ahaziah, 


900. 






Hoshea, 


730. 






Joram, 


899. 


Hczekiah, 


727. 






Jehoshaphat 












Capture of Sa- 




with Jehoram,895. 










maria, 


.721. 


Jehoram alone. 


, 892. 






Manasseh, 


698. 






Ahaziali, 


888. 






Amon, 


642. 






Athaliah, 


887. 


Jehu, 


887. 


Josiah, 


640. 






Joash, 


881. 






Jelioahaz, 


609. 










Jehoahaz, 


859. 


Jehoiakim, 


608. 










Joash, 


842. 


Jehoiachin, 


598. 






Amaziah, 


840. 






Zedekiah, 


698. 










Jeroboam II. 


, 825. 


Destruction of 






Uzziah, 


811. 






Jerusalem, 


, 587. 







Phoenicians — [b. c] — Enter upon their career as a great colonizing people 
by establishing settlements in Cj'prus, about 1250 (Duncker) ; push their 
voyages beyond the straits of Gibraltar, about 1100 {Duncker); Tyre 
about this time supplants Sidon as the leading city ; the Phcenician cities 
pay tribute to Assyria, 9th-7th c. ; soon after the fall of the Assyrian 
monarchy they are forced to acknowledge the suzerainty of Babylon ; 
they submit to Persia, latter part of 6th c. 

Tyre— [b. c] — Becomes the leading city of Phoenicia, about 1100; the new 
city (the island city) besieged by Shalmaneser IV. of Assyria, about 727- 
722 ; by Nebuchadnezzar, 586-573 ; * reduced by Alexander the Great, 332. 

* This siege is sometimes stated to have taken place in the years 598-585. The best 
recent authorities adopt the later dates." 



VALUABLE HAND-BOOKS. 



ERRORS IN THE USE OF ENGLISH. 

By the late William B. Hodgson, LL. D., Professor of Political Economy in 

the University of Edinburgh. American revised edition. 12mo, cloth, 

$1.50. 

" This posthumons work of Dr. Hod<rson deserves a hearty welcome, for it Is sure to 
do good service lor the oUjec-t it has in view— improved accuracy iu the use of the Eng- 
lish lanijuatje. . . . Perhaps its chief use will be in very distinctly proving- with what won- 
derful carelessness or incompetency the Enslish language is generally written. For the 
examples of error here brought together are not picked from obscure or inferior writings. 
Among the grammatical sinners wliose treppasees are here recorded appear many of our 
best-known authors and publications. "—TVie Academy. 

THE ORTHOEPIST: 

A Pronouncing Manual, containing about Three Thousand Five Hundred 
Words, including a Considerable Number of the Names of Foreign Au- 
thors, Artists, etc., that are often mispronounced. By Alfred Atres. 
18mo, cloth, extra, $1.00. 

" One of the neatest and most accurate pocket manuals on pronunciation is ' The Orthoeplst.' 
by Alfred Ayres. It seems almost impossible to secure uniformity in pronunciation. It is the 
study of a life to master that of our tonsue. The mere labor of examining a heavy dictionary 
prevents many from being accurate. This little book ought to be on every library- table. It 
tmdoubtedly gives the pronunciations accepted by the best speakers."— iV. T. Christian Advo- 
cate. 

THE VERBALIST : 

A Manual devoted to Brief Discussions of the Right and the Wrong Use of 

Words, and to some other Matters of Interest to those who would Speak 

and Write with Propriety, including a Treatise on Punctuation. By 

Alfred Ayres, author of " The Orthoepist." 18mo, cloth, extra, $1.00. 

" A great deal that is worth knowing, and of which not even all educated people are aware, is to 

be learned from this well-digested little book." — Philadelphia North American. 

" The author's views are sound, sensible, and concisely and clearly stated.''— Boston Tran- 
script. 

THE RHYMESTER; 

Or, The Rules of Rhyme. A Guide to English Versification. With a Dic- 
tionary of Rhymes, an Examination of Classical Measures, and Comments 
upon Burlesque, Comic Verse, and Song-Writing. By the late Tom Hood. 
Edited, with Additions, by Arthur Penn. Uniform with " The Verbal- 
ist." 18mo, cloth, gilt or red edges, $1.00. 
Three whole chapters have been added to this work by the American editor, 
one on the sonnet, one on the rondeau and the ballade, and a third on other fixed 
forms of verse. 

"Ten or a dozen years ago, the late Tom Hood, also a poet, and the son of a poet, published 
'The Kulesof Rhyme,' of which we have a substantial reprint in 'The Rhymester,' wth ad- 
ditions and eide-lis-hts from its American editor, Arthur Penn. The example of Hood's great 
father in his matchless melodies, his own skill as a cunning versifier, and the accomplished editing 
of Mr. I'enn, have made this tiooklet a useful guide to English versification, the most useful one, 
indeed, that we are acquainted with." — The Cyitic. 

For sale by all booksellers ; or sent by mail, post-paid, on receipt of price. 
New York : D. APPLETON & CO., 1, 3, «fe 6 Bond Street 



APPLETONS' CYCLOP/EDIA OF 
AMERICAN BIOGRAPHY. 

Complete in six volumes, royal Svo, containing about 800 pages each. JVitb 

sixty-one fine steel portraits and some two thousand smaller vignette 

portraits and views of birthplaces, residences, statues, etc. 

Appletons' Cyclopaedia of American Biography, edited by General James 
Grant Wilson, President of the New York Genealogical and Biographical Society, 
and Professor John Fiske, formerly of Harvard University, assisted by over two 
hundred special contributors, contains a biographical sketch of every person eminent 
in American civil and military history, in law and politics, in divinity, in literature and 
art, in science and in invention. Its plan embraces all the countries of North and 
South America, and includes distinguished persons born abroad, but related to Ameri- 
can history. As events are always connected with persons, it affords a complete com- 
pendium of American history in every branch of human achievement. An exhaustive 
topical and analytical Index enables the reader to follow the history of any subject 
with g^eat readiness. 

From the Hon. George Bancroft. 

" It is the most complete volume that exists on the subject. The tone and guiding spirit of the 
book are certainly very fair, and show a mind bent on a discriminate, just, and proper treatment 
of its subject." 

From the Hon. James Russell Lowell, 

" The portraits are remarkably good. To any one interested in American history or literature, 
the Cyclopaedia will be indispensable." 

From Noah Porter, D. D., LL. D., ex-President of Yale College, 
" The selection of names seems to be liberal and just. The portraits, so far as I can judge, are 
faithful, and the biographies trustworthy." 

From the Hon. William E. Gladstone. 

"A most valuable and interesting work." 

From the Hon. Robert C. Winthrop. 
"I have examined it with great interest and great gratification. It is a noble work, and does 
enviable credit to its editors and publishers." 

From J. B. Foraker, ex-Governor of Ohio. 
" I have carefully examined ' Appletons' Cyclopsedia of American Biography,' and do not 
hesitate to commend it to favor. It is admirably adapted to use in the family and the schools, 
and is so cheap as to come within the reach of all classes of readers and students." 

From Frances E. Willard, President N. W. C. T. U. 
" This boa'; of American biography has come to me with a most unusual charm. It sets before 
us the faces of great Americans, both men and women, and gives us a perspective view of tlieir 
lives. Where so many noble and great have lived and wrought, one is encouraged to believe the 
soil from whicli they sprang, the air they breathed, and the sky over their heads, to be the best this 
world affords, and o.i- says, 'Thank God, I also am an American ! ' We have many books of 
biography, but I have seen none so ample, so clear-cut, and breathing so strongly the best spirit 
of oar native land. No young man or woman can fail to find among these ample pages some 
model worthy of imitation." 

From the Rev. Phillips Brooks, D. D. 
" I congratulate you on the beauty of the volume, and the thoroughness of the work.' 

From Charles Dudley Warner. 
" Every day's use of this admirable work confirms me in regard to its comprehensiveness 
and accuracy," 

Price, fier volume, doth or buckram, $5.00; sheep, |6.oo; half calf or half morocco, %t. 00. 
Sold only by subscription. Descriptiz'e circular, with specimen pages, sent on application. 
Agents wanted /or districts not yet assigned. 



New York: D. APPLETON & CO., i, 3, & 5 Bond Street. 



(^ 



n 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

liillilllllllillllllllllllllilllll 

018 498 794 6 



i^|!^^<j*' 



ht^^:^-' 















>;.ij.\>-:<^i>^- ,. 










